Mesopotamia Campaign

Mesopotamia Campaign
6 November 1914-14 November 1918
Chronological list of Wars and Campaigns
Location: Mesopotamia
Combatants:
United Kingdom	Ottoman Empire
Result: Armistice of Mudros Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire
Medals: The 1914-15 Star The British War Medal 1914-18
Links:
Category: Mesopotamia Campaign

	See our interactive map of Mesopotamia Campaign locations and routes on Google Maps

Mesopotamia 1917 Assistant Surgeon G E Ferguson, IMD

This event is part of the First World War

Synopsis

The Mesopotamia Campaign was fought from November 1914 to November 1918 between the Allies represented by the British Empire, mostly troops from the Indian Empire, and the Central Powers, mostly of the Ottoman Empire.

However the country actually remained a theatre of warfare until a peace treaty was ratified in 1924. Large numbers of troops from India were sent to deal with a revolt in 1920

Related articles

For further details of events during this period see the following articles

• Fao Landing 6 November 1914
• Battle of Basra 21-22 November 1914
• Battle of Qurna 3-9 December 1914
• Battle of Shaiba 12-14 April 1915
• Capture of Amara 3 June 1915
• Battle of Nasiriyeh 24 July 1915
• Battle of Es Sinn 28 September 1915
• Battle of Ctesiphon 22-24 November 1915
• Siege of Kut 7 December 1915- 29 April 1916
• Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad 6-9 January 1916
• Battle of Wadi 13 January 1916
• Battle of Hanna 21 January 1916
• Battle of Dujaila 8 March 1916
• First Battle of Kut 5-22 April 1916
• Second Battle of Kut 23 February 1917
• Fall of Baghdad 11 March 1917
• Samarra Offensive 13 March-23 April 1917
• Battle of Ramadi 28 September 1917
• Capture of Tikrit 5 November 1917
• Action at Khan Baghdadi 26-28 March 1918
• Battle of Sharqat 23-30 October 1918

Biographies

Details of some of the protagonists in the campaign

• General Sir Fenton Aylmer (1862-1935)
• Maj-Gen Sir Arthur Barrett (1857–1926)
• General Alexander Cobbe (1870-1931)
• Brig- Gen Walter Delamain (1862-1932)
• Baron Wilhelm von der Goltz (1843–1916)
• Lieut-Gen Sir George Gorringe (1868–1945)
• Halil Pasha (1882-1957)
• Kâzım Karabekir (1882–1948)
• Lieut-Gen Sir Frederick Maude (1864-1917)
• Gen Sir William Marshall (1865–1939)
• Maj-Gen Sir Charles Melliss VC (1862-1936)
• Lieut-Gen John Nixon (1857–1921)
• Colonel Nureddin Pasha (1873-1932)
• Maj-Gen Sir Charles Townshend (1861–1924)

Also see

• Railways in the Middle Eastern Theatre

British Library holdings

• Military Department Library: Iran, Iraq, Persian Gulf IOR/L/MIL/17/15 contains categories relating to the Mesopotamian Campaign, and the war period, including
  • Mesopotamian Campaign
    • Indian Expeditionary Force 'D'. Nominal rolls of officers in Commands, Staff and with units. Simla: Military Sec's Branch, Army HQ India, Jun 1914. IOR/L/MIL/17/15/80 1914
    • Composition of the Headquarters, Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force (Force 'D'). Simla/Delhi: GSI, 1917-21. 19 issues: monthly Feb-Oct & Dec 1917, Jan-Apr 1918, Oct 1918, Jan & Jul 1919, May 1920, Jan & Apr 1921. IOR/L/MIL/17/15/85 1917-1924
    • Officers, warrant officers and non-commissioned officers brought to notice by General Officer Commanding I.E.F. 'D' for good services rendered during the operations from November 1914 to 31st March 1915. Simla: GSI, 1915. IOR/L/MIL/17/15/134 1915
    • List of names of officers and men under Maj-Gen Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend brought to notice for gallant and distinguished service in the field 5th October 1915 to 17th January 1916. Simla: GSI, 1916. IOR/L/MIL/17/15/135 1916
    • Particulars of service rendered by officers as received from General Townshend. Simla: GSI, 1916. IOR/L/MIL/17/15/136 1916
    • Recommendations for rewards in connection with operations against Arab tribesmen on the Euphrates Line January and February 1916. Simla: GSI, 1916. IOR/L/MIL/17/15/137 1916
• Military Department Library: Indian Army IOR/L/MIL/17/5 1854-1947 includes
  • Roll of rewards and promotions to officers and men of the Indian Army and departments serving in the various expeditionary forces in France (A), Egypt (E), the Mediterranean (G), East Africa (B), Mesopotamia (D), and in operations in the Persian Gulf, at Muscat, Aden, Somaliland, in China, and on the north-west and north-east frontiers of India, notified in the London and India Gazettes marginally noted. no imprint, 5th & 6th edns 1916. 2 vols. IOR/L/MIL/17/5/2414 1916
• An account of the operations of the 18th (Indian) Division in Mesopotamia, December 1917 to December 1918, with the names of all the units which served with the division and a nominal roll of all the officers by Walter Edward Wilson-Johnston 1919.
• Iraq Administration Reports 1914–1932 in ten volumes (5, 500 pages): Contents: 1. 1914-1918 -- 2. 1918 -- 3-4. 1919 -- 5-6. 1920 -- 7. 1920-1924 -- 8. 1925-1927 -- 9. 1928-1930 -- 10. 1931-1932, with contents outline

Volunteer Regiment

See Volunteer Artillery Battery . The Battery was captured at Kut. The majority of the men were from Burma. E H Jones, (refer External links, and Historical books online, below), previously a member of the Indian Civil Service in Burma, was a gunner and subsequently an officer in this Battery.

FIBIS resources

• "Trumpeter Inwood, an Anglo-Indian hero of the Kut Garrison" by Rosemary Reardon FIBIS Journal Number 32 (Autumn 2014) pages 18-29. For details of how to access this article, see FIBIS Journals.

External links

• Mesopotamian Campaign Wikipedia
• Siege of Kut Wikipedia
• Mesopotamia The Long, Long Trail: The British Army in the Great War of 1914-1918 (1914-1918.net)
  • The 1914 actions in Mesopotamia
• The Great War Forum, a message board for the First World War, has a subcategory Middle East and North Africa where archived threads may be read. To view images, place a post, reply to a post or search, you need to be a subscriber. See Mailing lists-Military for more details.
• "Iraq 1917 - A 90th Anniversary" by Dr D M Henderson 2007. The Scots at War Trust. A review of the war in Mesopotamia (archive.org link)
• Maps of operations firstworldwar.com
• Mesopotamia Campaign: 300 photographs taken by Captain Charles Henry Weaver. Captain Weaver worked with The Red Cross, but was under military command. He was mentioned in dispatches and was awarded the MBE for his wartime service. Includes Hospital Ships, nurses. mespot.net
• The Battle of Ctesiphon by David Fletcher 14th August 2013 tankmuseum.org. Mesopotamia, 23/24th November 1915. The 76th Punjabis fought in the battle which included two armoured cars, possibly sent from India (archive.org link)
• Anthony Langley’s The Great War in a Different Light, section "Fighting Johnny Turk in the Ottoman Empire", now an archived website, includes
  • "The Battle of Kut" by W. J. Blackledge from the magazine The War of the Nations
  • "What Really Happened at Kut" by Lovat Fraser from The War Illustrated 12th January, 1918
  • "Major-General Townshend, C.B." from the War Illustrated Deluxe, volume V page 1608
  • "Flood Warfare in Mesopotamia" from The War Illustrated, 29th June, 1918
  • "The Fight for the Garden of Eden" from the book Many Fronts
  • "Wounded in Mesopotamia" from an official report by Major R Markham Carter
• Troopships, including Hospital Ships 1902-1922 MerchantNavyOfficers.com
• Harry’s Sideshows by Harry Fecitt kaiserscross.com includes
  • The Battle of Ramadi: Mesopotamia, 27-29 September 1917
  • Mesopotamia 1920-21 Large numbers of troops from India were sent to deal with a revolt in 1920
  • The fight to relieve Rumaithah: A close run thing: Mesopotamia, July 1920
• Mesopotamia 1917-1918 from 25th County of London Cyclist Battalion: The London Regiment (archive.org link)
• "Learning The Hard Way: The Indian Army In Mesopotamia, 1914-1918" by Dr Kristian Coates Ulrichsen Docs.google version original pdf BCMH Summer Conference 2012 – Indian Armies (The British Commission for Military History bcmh.org.uk) (retrieved 8 May 2014)
• The British Experience in Iraq from 1914-1926: What Wisdom Can The United States Draw From Its Experience? by Matthew W. Williams. A thesis presented to the Faculty of the US Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 2004. Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library. pdf download dtic.mil
• Forgotten Airwar: Airpower in the Mesopotamian Campaign by Peter J Lambert, 2003 Master of Military Art and Science Thesis, Command and General Staff College (CGSC) Fort Leavenworth, KS. Combined Arms Research Library [CARL] Digital Library
• "Developing Iraq: Britain, India and the Redemption of Empire and Technology in the First World War" by Priya Satia Past & Present (2007) Volume 197, Issue 1, pages 211-255
• Capt George Theodore Gill and 2/6th Gurkha Rifles in Mesopotamia 1916 from David Gill’s gillww1. (archive.org link)
• A collection of WW1 photographs, most probably taken in Mesopotamia. Includes a few images of Indian soldiers. rootschat.com Forum thread.
• En-Dor Unveiled : The Story behind The Road to En-dor by Tony Craven Walker February 2014. html version, pdf, link to other downloads hesperuspress.com. Retrieved 26 October 2014. Contains correspondence from E H Jones, refer "Historical books online" below. He was a member of the Volunteer Artillery Battery (Rangoon Contingent). Very likely this was , or was connected with, the Rangoon Port Defence Volunteer Corps, which had an Artillery section.
• Articles by Amitav Ghosh: "Shared Sorrows: Indians and Armenians in the prison camps of Ras al-‘Ain, 1916-18". It is based on an account written by an Indian member of the Bengal Ambulance Corps (BAC), who became a prisoner after the fall of Kut. and ended up in the prison camps of Ras al-'Ain, in northern Syria, in 1916. “The reason the story has survived is that one of the Indian prisoners happened to write about about his war experiences forty years later. His name was Sisir Sarbadhikari and his book Abhi Le Baghdad (or On To Baghdad) appeared in 1958” It is in 18 parts, in reverse order, consisting of two pages. Scroll to the bottom of this page for part 1. Scroll to the bottom of this page to continue. ( archive.org links 1 and 2) The earlier part of the memoir, from joining up in Calcutta to the fall of Kut is described in "On to Baghdad". Scroll to the bottom of the page for part 1
• Accounts by Captain Kalyan Kumar Mukherji , a member of the Indian Medical Service, originally written in Bengali. After the fall of Kut he was sent to a prisoner-of-war camp at Ras al-‘Ain, Syria where he died in 1917. He was posthumously awarded the Military Cross. His accounts, in Bengali, are available online, refer below. Some excerpts have been translated into English by Amitav Ghosh. Scroll down to the entry The ‘Home and the World’ in Iraq 1915-17: Part 1 to commence. For the final posts, scroll down to the bottom three posts. Written July- August 2012 amitavghosh.com (retrieved 10 May 2014).
• “Yet another Indian First World War memoir found!” Article about the War Memoirs of Captain Limaye, Indian Medical Service, written in Marathi. He was with the 87th Punjabis 1918-1921. He saw action in Mesopotamia and was involved in operations against the Kurdistanis in 1919 and in quelling the Arab Rebellion in 1920. amitavghosh.com. This book may be viewed online on the Digital Library of India website, (the author is catalogued as Limaye Go Gan') where the Introduction is in English.
• "Indian Soldiers and POWs in the Middle East during World War I" by Vedica Kant, Robert Upton, and Chris Gratien, Ottoman History Podcast, No. 86 (December 21, 2012) “ In this podcast, Vedica Kant talks about the experience of Indian POWs in the Ottoman Empire as well as that of Ottoman soldiers captured by the British army and brought to India and Burma, with additional commentary by Robert Upton regarding military recruitment in British India...” Webpage contains images.
• The history hidden in Haydarpaşa Cemetery by Vedika Kant 01 August 2013. Holds the graves of some 400 soldiers from what are now the Commonwealth realms who died in Turkey, mostly as POWs, in World War I.
• Inland Water Transport and Docks Reubique.com. The article mentions that this section of the Royal Engineers was founded in 1914 and was later responsible for alternate transportation during World War One in various theatres of war - including Mesopotamia where personnel from India and China were deployed.
• Grandpa’s Journal Harry James Goulter Pearman was with the Army Audit Staff in Mesopotamia. Most of the entries are for 1921. It is difficult for some/all browsers to navigate navigate this site. The following entries contain items relating to issues of fraud by members of the IWT (Inland Water Transport), including the court martial of an officer. 18 April 1921, 26 April 1921, 16 May 1921, 27 May 1921, 27 June 1921, 4 July 1921, 9 July 1921.
• World War 1 at Sea - Naval Battles in outline: Mesopotamian (Iraq) Campaign, 1914-1918 naval-history.net
• The History of the Iraq Levies, 1915-1932 by Robert Vernon Joseph Young, PhD Thesis, School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London) 1997. British Library- EthOS
• JSCSC Library Bibliography First World War Series: Mesopotamian Campaign 1914-1918 by Joint Services Command and Staff College Library, U K. html version , download pdf

Historical books online

• History Of The Great War: The Campaign In Mesopotamia 1914-1918 Volumes I-IV by F J Moberly. 1923-1927.

The titles are Volume I: Outbreak of Hostilities, Campaign in Lower Mesopotamia, published 1923; Volume II: April 1916: The Attempt on Baghdad, the Battle of Ctesiphon, the Siege and the Fall of Kut-al-Amara, published 1924; Volume III: April 1917: The Capture and Consolidation of Baghdad, published 1926; Volume IV: The Campaign in Upper Mesopotamia to the Armistice, published 1927

Hathi Trust Digital Library editions

Volume 1 Contents Bibliography Index

Volume II Contents Bibliography Index

Volume III Contents Bibliography Index

Volume IV Contents Bibliography Index Chronological Summary of the Campaign in Mesopotamia 1914-1918 Titles of Indian Cavalry, Infantry and Pioneer Units who served in Mesopotamia 1914-1918

Volume II is also available on Archive.org Volume II, Contents,Index

• History of the Great War: Medical Services: General History Volume 4 by Sir William Grant Macpherson and Thomas John Mitchell. Includes Mesopotamia. 1924 Archive.org
• The Inland Water Transport in Mesopotamia compiled by Lieut.-Col. L. J. Hall 1921 Archive.org
• The Tragedy of Mesopotamia by Sir George Buchanan 1938. Hathi Trust Digital Library. This book is also available to read online on the Digital Library of India website. The author was Director-General of Port Administration and River Conservancy at Basra. George Buchanan Wikipedia entry
• A Chapter of Misfortunes : the Battles of Ctesiphon and of the Dujailah in Mesopotamia, with a summary of the events which preceded them by Major-General W. D. Bird 1923 Hathi Trust Digital Library
• The Long Road to Baghdad by Edmund Candler 1919 Archive.org Volume I, Volume II
• British Campaigns in the Nearer East, 1914-1918. From the outbreak of war with Turkey to the Armistice by Edmund Dane , Military Correspondent of the Westminster Gazette 1919 Archive.org. Volume I: The Days of Adversity, Volume II: The Tide of Victory
• A brief outline of the campaign in Mesopotamia, 1914-1918 by Roger Evans, 1926 Archive.org (You may need a Djvu plug-in, see our article Online books-Archive.org)
• Marvellous Mesopotamia: The World’s Wonderland by Joseph T Parfit, Canon of St George’s Jerusalem 1920 Archive.org. Contains a number of chapters on WW1, commencing with “The Causes of the War”
• My Campaign: Volume 2 by Major General Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend. 1920 Archive.org. London edition has title My Campaign in Mesopotamia.
  • Limited access, available in full view to those in North America, and perhaps elsewhere: My Campaign: Volume 1, My Campaign in Mesopotamia Hathi Trust Digital Library. Google Books editions may be available in full view in some countries, but not UK or North America at time of writing Vol 1, M.
• "Progress in Mesopotamia" from The war illustrated album de luxe; the story of the great European war told by camera, pen and pencil Volume 9 The Fourth Year 1917-1918 ed by JA Hammerton 1918 Archive.org
• "Final Victories over the Turk" from The war illustrated album de luxe; the story of the great European war told by camera, pen and pencil Volume 10 the Last Phase ed by JA Hammerton 1919 Archive.org
• The war in the cradle of the world Mesopotamia by Eleanor Franklin Egan 1918. Archive.org The author was correspondent for the Saturday Evening Post. More details in "Writing "Mesopot": Eleanor Franklin Egan on the river to Baghdad, 1917" by David Hudson.
• Iraq Levies 1915-1932 by Brigadier J Gilbert Browne CMG. CBE. DSO. 1932 assyrianlevies.com, now an archived website.
• On the road to Kut: a soldier's story of the Mesopotamian campaign with 56 illustrations and a map. 1917 Archive.org. The author appears to be an officer from India in a Mule Corps.
• Besieged in Kut, and after by Major Charles Harrison Barber I M S [Indian Medical Service] 1918 Archive.org
• In Kut and Captivity : with the Sixth Indian Division by Major E W G Sandes 1919 Archive.org
• Mons, Anzac and Kut by an MP (stated to be Aubrey Herbert} 1919 Archive.org
• A Kut Prisoner by H. C. W. Bishop, Indian Army Reserve of Officers. 1920 Archive.org
• Report on the treatment of British Prisoners of War in Turkey Presented to Parliament November 1918. British Library online documents: IOR/L/MIL/7/18737
• The Road to En-Dor; being an account of how two prisoners of war at Yozgad in Turkey won their way to freedom by E H Jones Lt. IARO, 1920 Archive.org The author, Elias Henry Jones was captured at Kut and had previously been in the Indian Civil Service in Burma. Biographical details are available below
• The Secrets of a Kuttite, an Authentic Story of Kut, Adventures in Captivity and Stamboul Intrigue by Captain E O Mousley, RFA 1921 Archive.org
• A Prisoner in Turkey by John Still 1920 Archive.org. Contains some comments concerning the prisoners from Kut.
• In Mesopotamia by Martin Swayne (real name Maurice Nicoll), illustrated by the author. 1917 Archive.org. The author was a doctor in the British Army working in a mobile hospital.
• Mesopotamia, 1914-15 : Extracts from a Regimental Officer's Diary by H. Birch Reynardson 1919 may be downloaded as a pdf from OUDL - Osmania University Digital Library. Downloads from the OUDL site may only be available during Indian office hours (IST 10 am to 6 pm) (IST = GMT+5:30). This book is also available to read online on the Digital Library of India website. The author was an officer in the 1st Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
• Letters from Mesopotamia in 1915 and January, 1916 from Robert Palmer 1916 Archive.org. He went with a draft from the 6th Hants, (Hampshire Regiment) in India since November 1914, to reinforce the 4th Hants. Both these regiments were part of the Territorial Force. He was killed June 21, 1916, aged 27 years.
• A Dweller in Mesopotamia being the Adventures of an Official Artist in the Garden of Eden, with sketches by Donald Maxwell 1921 Archive.org
• The War and the Bagdad Railway; the story of Asia Minor and its relation to the present conflict by Morris Jastrow 1917 Archive.org
• The Navy in Mesopotamia, 1914 to 1917 by Conrad Cato 1917 Archive.org
• Naval Staff Monographs (Historical). Select Volume 4: Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf to download a pdf. Published London July 1921. navy.gov.au
• War in the Air: being the story of the part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force, Volumes II-VI by H A Jones. Volume V 1935, Volume VI 1937. Part of the series History of the Great War based on official documents. Include Mesopotamia.
• In the Clouds above Baghdad, being the Records of an Air Commander by Lt-Col J E Tennant 1920 Archive.org
• War in the Garden of Eden by Kermit Roosevelt, Captain, Motor Machine Gun Corps 1919 Archive.org. The author was an American, the son of (pre WW1) US President Theodore Roosevelt, who was appointed an honorary Captain in the British Army in August 1917. Page 66 indicates the author was in the 14th Battery, Light-armoured motor-cars (14th L. A. M. B.). The fighting cars were Rolls-Royce.
• "Mesopotamia" commences page 111 The Post Office of India in the Great War edited by H.A. Sams 1922 Archive.org
• Report of the Commission appointed by Act of Parliament to enquire into the Operations of War in Mesopotamia. Together with a separate report by Commander J. Wedgwood and appendices. Presented to Parliament. HMSO 1917. Hathi Trust Digital Library menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de version
• The Liberator of Mesopotamia [Lieut.-General Sir Stanley Maude] by Basil Mathews 1918 Hathi Trust Digital Library
• Qatar Digital Library Digitisation of content from the British Library’s India Office Records Collection. When looking at a book file, to select a particular page, click on “View all items”.
  • Report by Brigadier W. S. Delamain, C.B., D.S.O., on the operations of the Indian Expeditionary Force "D" up to 14th November 1914 published by the General Staff, India (Government Central Branch Press, Simla: 1916) IOR/L/MIL/17/15/88
  • Report from Lieut-General Sir P. H. N. Lake K.C.B., K.C.M.G. Commanding I.E.F. "D" on the Defence of Kut-Al-Amarah under Major-General C. V. F. Townshend, C.B., D.S.O., 3 December 1915-29 April 1916 IOR/L/MIL/17/15/105
  • Short memorandum on the inception, difficulties and results of the Mesopotamian Campaign printed by the General Staff, India (Simla, 1916) IOR/L/MIL/17/15/76
  • Critical Study of the Campaign in Mesopotamia up to April 1917: Part I – Report Compiled by officers of the Staff College Quetta 1925 IOR/L/MIL/17/15/72/1
  • Mesopotamian Transport Commission. Report of the Commission appointed by the Government of India... to enquire into questions connected with the organisation and administration of the Railway and River Transport in Mesopotamia 1918. IOR/L/MIL/17/15/125/1. This book is also available to read online on the Digital Library of India website. Table of Contents is computer page 6. Refer Online books-Digital Library of India for more details about this site. The British Library also holds two maps published in conjunction with the report.
• The British Library digitised manuscripts include IOR/L/PS/11/121 1917 Political and Secret Annual Files which includes “Indian Journalists Tour of Mesopotamia” Newspaper articles written in Indian newspapers June 1917
• Loyalties: Mesopotamia; a personal and historical record, Volume II 1917-1920 by Sir Arnold Talbot Wilson 1931. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Also published under the title Mesopotamia, 1917-1920; a Clash of Loyalties.
• Review of the civil administration of Mesopotamia by Gertrude L Bell. Issued by the India Office December 1920. Hathi Trust Digital Library
• The following are available to read online on the Digital Library of India website.
  • Field Notes Mesopotamia by General Staff India 1915 (Poor quality print)
  • Loyalties Mesopotamia 1914 -1917 Arnold T Wilson 1930
• Kalyan Pradeep: Captain Kalyan Kumar Mukhopadhadhaya, I.M.S.-er Jiboni, by Mokkhoda ['Mokshada'] Debi (1928) [Kalyan Pradeep: The Life of Captain Kalyan Kumar Mukherji, I.M.S.] in Bengali may be read online on the Digital Library of India website. The catalogue entry is Kalyan-Pradip by Mokshada Debi There are two book files