British Army

The British Army is the land-based forces of the United Kingdom. The British Army was heavily involved in Imperial affairs in India and most regiments (both infantry and cavalry) served in India at some point. Throughout the nineteenth century, a significant number of British troops were stationed at India at any one time. In 1847, for instance, around 20% of British Army regiments were on the sub-continent. The General staff were supported by the Staff Corps and the Office of the Quarter Master General.

A British man, or man of British descent could also be a soldier/officer in one of the Presidency Armies. These were seperate from the British Army, instead consisting of regiments formed by the East India Company and under their control.

Regiments

Any regiment name prefaced by the initials H.M. (Her or His Majesty's) is a British Army regiment, although the term is not strictly applied, especially amongst the ecclesiastical records. These regiments may be referred to as "Royal Regiments".

Regiments are divided across several arms of the army, these being the Cavalry (who fought mounted on horseback), the Infantry (soldiers who fought on foot) and the support arms such as the Artillery (who used weaponry such as canons and large guns) and the Engineers construction, demolition, surveying etc.) Also see Regiment names terminology below.

The article History of British Army Infantry Regiments is a general history of the origin and development of the infantry regiments and explains some of the reforms that took place.

• To browse the Infantry category, see British Army Infantry Regiments
• To browse the Cavalry category, see British Army Cavalry Regiments
• To browse the Artillery category, see British Army Artillery Regiments

The cap badges of a few regiments can be found in Cap badge images.

When a regiment was to return to England, the men were given the opportunity to 'volunteer for' (join) another British Army regiment in India. As an example, when the 96th Regiment of Foot was ordered home in September 1854, a ‘great number of men’ volunteered for the 32nd foot, thirty volunteered for the 43rd, while twenty-two volunteered for the 74th Highlanders. However, when transferring to another unit, the soldiers were treated as new recruits, and lost any rank they had, reverting to the rank of a private.

Locating a regiment

There are many ways to find out locations at which a regiment was stationed. More labourious methods include tracking through the muster rolls, army lists or station lists published in newspapers. Many of our regiment articles include a timeline of major stations. Two online sources, providing incomplete but highly useful information, are:

• Indian portion of In Search of Forlorn Hope by John M Kitzmiller - lists the location/year of all British regiments that served in India and related regions.
• The Nafziger Collection of Orders of Battle hosts a PDF catalogue including lists of “Stations of British Troops in India” (and a wider list for the whole army) transcribed from the Army and Navy Gazette Supplement. Search "stations india YYYY" (where YYYY equals a year).

Further details:

• Stations of British Army troops in India
• Stations of the Royal Artillery in India

Regiment names terminology

Regiments, especially prior to the twentieth century, were not named in a uniform manner and the historical terminology used can be unfamiliar to a beginning researcher. Some common terms and the regiment types they apply to can be found below.

Term	Regiment type
Dragoons	Cavalry
Foot	Infantry
Fusiliers	Infantry
Grenadier	Infantry
Hussars	Cavalry
Lancers	Cavalry
Life Guards	Cavalry
Rifles	Infantry

Wars and campaigns

The British Army were involved in numerous wars, campaigns and battles in India and the surrounding region. The Fibiwiki has a Chronological list of wars and campaigns.

• To browse wars in the region, see the Wars and Campaigns category.
• To browse battles, see the Battles category.

Enlistment in India

It was possible for a man born in India to enlist in the British Army in India, a fact to be considered when researching. Enlistment was possible for men with European parents, or Eurasian men of fair complexion―those whose looks allowed them to ‘pass’ as white.

Records

See also - Military reading list and Occupation:Soldier

There are various sources of information for finding out about a man in the British Army. For a comprehensive description of sources available in the India Office Records, see Peter Bailey's article in FIBIS Journal 13.

Military records at the National Archives

Muster rolls

Unlike those of the presidency armies, muster rolls for British Army regiments stationed in India are not at the British Library but are instead at The National Archives at Kew in London. The majority of the Muster records up to 1878 are in WO 12. The catalogue describes the records as:

"...a comprehensive means of establishing dates of enlistment, movements throughout the world, and of discharge or death. The first entry may show age on enlistment. An entry on the form "Men becoming non-effective", sometimes to be found at the end of each quarter's musters, shows the birthplace, trade, and date of enlistment of any soldier discharged or dead during the quarter. From about 1868, at the end of each muster, may be found a Marriage Roll, which enumerates wives and children for whom married quarters were provided."

An 1889 example of data from a Marriage Roll can be seen here on Cathy Day’s archived site.

These records are unfortunately NOT available on LDS microfilms.

Service and pension records

Discharge papers (WO 97), usually containing service/attestation information, and pension records (WO 22) may also be found at TNA. Discharge papers up to 1854 are listed alphabetically by name and can be searched online on the National Archives site.. Records in WO 97 are usually only for men discharged with a pension (ie having served 12 years or having been invalided) as these were the papers sent to the Royal Hospital Chelsea and preserved. Note however, WO 97 records are unlikely to include the records of men who subsequently rejoined the British Army during World War 1. The records often contain a wealth of genealogical information, including birth date and location, next of kin, physical description, service locations, medical history and medals. They may include information about marriages, births of children or deaths of family members.

The National Archives is working with findmypast.co.uk to scan and place online WO 97 (Royal Hospital Chelsea: Soldiers' Service Documents 1760-1913) and WO 96 (War Office: Militia Attestation Papers 1806-1915) by the end of 2011. All WO 97 records, for the years 1760 to 1913 are currently available on findmypast.co.uk. Searching the records is free, but charges apply to view the records, although they can be viewed for free at TNA (and other institutions with a FMP subscription).

Another useful TNA source is the WO 22 subseries "Army and other pensions paid out locally in India, Ceylon and China" detailing names and payments made, including WO 22/228-230 Bengal, WO 22/237-238 Bombay and WO 22/266-270, mainly Madras.

If you cannot find any service or pension records, and your research interest left the army between 1884 and 1887, it is worth checking the WO 121 microfilms "Register of men discharged without pension". Although the catalogue does not mention this, the films contain many records of men leaving the army in India under the heading "Nominal list of men discharged by the Commander-in-Chief in India..." As the register provides name, regimental number, rank, corps, date and cause of discharge, attestation date (and a few other administration details) it is an invaluable resource for those not able to find these details elsewhere.

Research guides

National Archives Guides

• The National Archives have the following research guides:
  • British Army: Officers' Records 1660-1913 (Military Records Information 4)
  • British Army: Soldiers' Discharge Papers, 1760-1913 (Military Records Information 5)
  • British Army: Muster Rolls and Pay Lists, c1730-1898 (Military Records Information 7)
  • British Army: First World War soldiers' papers (Military records information 9)
  • British Army: First World War officers' records (Military Records Information 10)
  • British Army: Useful Sources for Tracing Soldiers (Military Records Information 14)
• The National Archives have published the book Army Records: A Guide for Family Historians by William Spencer 2008. 160 pages. It is mainly about records in the National Archives and the India Office at the British Library. It contains a chapter "The British Army in India and the Indian Army", in addition to over twenty chapters about British Army records. Available at the British Library. Also available from the FIBIS Shop

British Library Guides

• British Library Guide to Service Lists for the [British] Army, Navy and Air Force

India Office military records at the British Library

There is a small collection of India Office records at the British Library called British Army Records IOR/L/MIL/15 1806-1930 (catalogue entry which includes links to subgroups).

There are also reference books from the Military Department Library relating to the British Army IOR/L/MIL/17/1 (catalogue entry), including Army Lists for the British Army, apart from publications specifically relating to the British Army in India.

Ecclesiastical returns

If the man married, had children or died out on the Sub-continent then records of these occurences can often be found in the India Office Church records. However, some regimental chaplains only filed their BMDs with the General Register Office in London and certificates of these army returns can be obtained via them by ordering them online. The British Army Overseas Indexes can be found in genealogical libraries, the National Archives and searched on various websites including findmypast.com and familyrelatives.com. For more details refer Chaplains Returns.

Note that if a record is available both in the Church records and in the General Register Office records, the latter may contain more information, at least for some time periods. By way of example, in 1903 the additional information was the nationalities of the groom and bride, and the occupations of the fathers of the groom and bride.

Other sources

Additional sources include:

• Medal Rolls
• 1911 England and Wales Census - British Army personnel in India, together with their families appeared for the first time in an England and Wales Census in 1911. Search the 1911 census data, free to search, but a pay site to view data. This National Archives catalogue entry shows the regiments that were included in the 1911 Census. The items (17 in total) are RG 14/34978-34992, 34995, 34997. However, it is probable there were other regiments in India at this time. The census was taken on the night of Sunday 2 April, 1911. Note however, there are is at least one known instance of a soldier and his family known to be in the British Army in India at the time of the census, whose names do not appeat in the census, another indication that the data may not be complete.
• National Army Museum whose website includes the following Information Sheets which also refer to sources at other institutions
  • Information Sheet No 2 Soldiers’ Records 1660-1913
  • Information Sheet No 3 Soldiers’ Records 1914-c1920
  • Information Sheet No 4 Soldiers’ Records 1920–present
• Regimental Journals

Some regiments published a regular regimental journal which can be a valuable source of information. Examples are St George’s Gazette, journal of the Northumberland Fusiliers,(previously 5th Regiment of Foot) published from 1883 to 1968, and The Highland Light Infantry Chronicle, journal of the Highland Light Infantry (previously 71st Regiment of Foot), published quarterly from 1893 to 1958. Whether a journal existed may be included in the regimental information available on the website Regiments.org (refer below). This link also lists the titles of some regimental journals. The British Library and National Army Museum are possible sources of these journals, together with Regimental Museums and regional libraries, if the regiment had a strong regional connection. A few editions of the Highland Light Infantry Chronicle are available online.

• Newspapers

Two Research guides by British Library Newspapers:

• Family History Research and British Military History, 1801-1945
• Scope of the Collections for British Military History, 1801-1945 Details specialist, non-newspaper publications of particular interest to military history researchers held by British Library Newspapers such as the Army and Navy Gazette, published from 1860.

Note that Colindale and St Pancras hold differing Indian newspaper collections (with some overlap), however Colindale microfilms will be transferred to St Pancras by 2012.

Army personnel serving after 1921

The service records of Army personnel serving after 1921 remain closed to the public. To obtain details from such records you will often have to prove kinship. Charges may apply. Further information can be obtained from

Historical Disclosures, MP555

Army Personnel Centre, Kentigern House,

65 Brown Street, GLASGOW G2 8EX

Telephone 0845 600 9663

Email disc4@apc.army.mod.uk

Also see website Veterans:UK

FIBIS resources

• Margaret Mulvihill, "'Peculiar Circumstances': Catholic Chaplains of the Victorian British Army in India" FIBIS Journal No 24 (Autumn 2010), pages 26-28. For details of how to access this article, see FIBIS Journals.

See also

• Category:Military Terms
• Category:Military ranks
• Category:Church records
• Category:Organisations has links to a number of military historical societies which publish journals containing articles about India.
• Courts-martial
• Duke of York's Military School
• Mailing lists
• Medals
• Military periodicals online
• 12th Regiment of Foot and 34th Regiment of Foot for examples of death as a result of a duel with a fellow officer.

External links

Encyclopedia articles

• History of the British Army Wikipedia
• Recruitment in the British Army Wikipedia
• British Army Regiments 1881 (The Childers Reforms) Wikipedia

Other

• Soldiers and Genealogy on TNA's Your Archives
• Stephen Lewis' Soldiers Memorials lists NCO and other ranks graves in India by surname, amongst other memorials. Officers Died is the equivalent commissioned ranks site.
• Regiments.org (Archived Site), now defunct, see archived versions of a Numeric list of British Army Regiments and 1881 Regiments.
• Army Regiments from British Armed Forces & National Service. Includes details of deployments
• The Nafziger Collection of Orders of Battle from the Combined Arms Research Library of the Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth Kansas. Contains a PDF catalogue document for the 7000 PDF documents in the collection in addition to a search facility.
• The Asplin Military History Resources, about British Army history in the Victorian era, includes pages relevant to the British Army in India.
• International Ceylon Database: Military from Kyle Joustra’s website. Includes lists of names by regiment.
• Soldiers of the Queen: The Jewel in the Crown. Photographs of soldiers in India, Ceylon,The North-West Frontier Afghanistan. Includes Two Privates with a servant and pets, Sergeant E. J. Evans in the tropical version of his regimental "Mess Dress" uniform, with wife, Fusilier Sergeant and family c 1900
• 46th Foot.com includes a detailed account of the 1834 attestation of a private, Frederick Crosland.
• "Transport of Troops to India" by Frederick Engels from New York Daily Tribune, 13 August, 1858 states that some troops were sent from England by the overland route from 1857. Marxists.org. This route became permanent some years later, see below.
• The Army Children Archive (TACA) contains information about children and wives, with themes such as Accommodation and On the Move. History Matters (scroll down) gives details of the enlistment of an orphan boy age five,the son of a soldier, as a drummer in 1786. There are references to India in a number of the themes.
• On the Strength: Wives and Children of the British Army, a Canadian website. Some of the information, particularly in respect of physical work performed, may not be applicable to India.
• British Soldiers' Wives in the Napoleonic Era Royalartillery1815.co.uk
• Enlistment of Boy Soldiers in the British Army, 1795-1959 Your Archives
• Bad conditions on troop ships coming to India in the late 1700s are mentioned in "The soldier's friend—Sir Jeremiah Fitzpatrick" by Richard L. Blanco Med Hist. 1976 October; 20(4): 402–421, particularly 415-417
• Terrible conditions are described in a Letter home from a soldier’s wife on a voyage to India 1859 As a result, the Captain was murdered! Eastern Monarch 1859 Fire broke out in English waters on this ship, whose passengers included 352 invalid soldiers from North West India. Old-merseytimes.co.uk.
• History of the British Army Vol II by J W Fortescue First British troops to land in India p171
• The National Archives podcasts have a military history category including
  • Sahib, the British soldier in India, 1750 – 1914 by Professor Richard Holmes
• From Semaphore to Satellite The memoirs of Major General David Horsfield, Royal Signals may be read online. He served in Burma during World War 2 and was then in India 1942-1946.

Historical books online

• Also see Military periodicals online
• Lists of the officers of His Majesty's, and the Hon. Company's troops, serving under the presidency of Bombay. Adjutant General's Office. January 1st. 1798 Google Books
• Google Books has editions of A List of the Officers of the Army and of the Corps of Royal Marines 1778-1855 (incomplete series) and New Annual Army List and New Army List 1840-1869 (incomplete series). Some additional volumes may be found if they are searched for individually.
• The Royal Military Calendar, Or Army Service and Commission Book: Containing the Services and Progress of Promotion of the Generals, Lieutenant-generals, Major-generals, Colonels, Lieutenant-colonels, and Majors of the Army, According to Seniority: with Details of the Principal Military Events of the Last Century Third Edition by John Philippart 1820 Google Books Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3, Volume 4, Volume 5
• A History of the British Army by Sir John William Fortescue. Archive.org. This link describes the contents of the volumes.
  • Volume 2, 1713 to 1763 (1899), Volume 3, 1763-1793 (1911), Volume 4, 1789-1801 (1906), Volume 4, Part II 1789-1801 (1906), Volume 6, 1807-1809 (1910), Volume 7, 1809-1810 (1912), Volume 8, 1811-1812 (1917), Volume 9, 1813-1814 (1920), Volume 10, 1814-1815 (1920)
  • Relating to India: Volume 2, page 167, Volume 3 page 49, Volume 4 page 402, Volume 4, Part II, page 711, Volume 6 page 40, Volume 7 page 563

The following volumes are available to read online on the Digital Library of India website: Volume 5, 1803 to 1807, includes detailed treatment of the situation and operations in the East Indies and Ceylon. Volume 11,1815-1838, includes the War with Nepal, the Pindari War, the War in Ceylon and the War with Burma. Volume 12, 1839-52. This volume is mainly concerned with India, and covers operations in Afghanistan and on the Khyber Pass, together with internal security operations in India itself. Volume 13, 1852-1870, includes the Indian Mutiny

• History of the Scottish regiments in the British Army by Arch. K. Murray 1862 Archive.org
• Strength, Composition and Organization of the Army of Great Britain by Capt Martin Petrie (1864) Google Books
• Camp and Barrack-room, Or, The British Army as It Is by John Mercier McMullen, a late Staff Sergeant of the 13th Light Infantry (1846) Google Books
• "Adulterated Liquor sold to Sailors and Soldiers in the Bazars of Calcutta" and "The dangers to which Sailors and Soldiers are exposed in the Bazars of Calcutta" from On the preservation of the health of seamen, especially of those frequenting Calcutta and the other Indian ports by Norman Chevers MD, Surgeon, Bengal Army 1864 Google Books
• "The New Overland Troop Service to India" Colburns’s United Service Magazine 1867 Part 3, page 226. Google Books. (The Suez Canal was subsequently opened for navigation on 17 November 1869)
• "Cantonment Life [c 1876]" , page 151 from A King's Hussar: Being the Military Memoirs for Twenty-five Years of a Troop-sergeant-major of the 14th (King’s) Hussars by Edwin Mole 1897 Archive.org .
• "Sunday in the British Army in India" by Rev. Arthur Male, (written sometime after the defence of the Residency of Kabul, on the 3rd September 1879) from The world's story; a history of the world in story, song and art, Volume II India, Persia, Mesopotamia and Palestine] ed. by Eva March Tappan (1914) Archive.org