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{{Locations_Infobox
[[Image:Punjab_district_map.jpg|thumb|400px|Map showing its districts and princely states]]
|presidency=Bengal
 
|image=
'''Punjab''' referred to the areas between the five rivers which were Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej and which were the territory of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Empire Sikh Empire]. The present Punjab region covers the area of the two modern states of the same name (one on each side of the India-Pakistan border) as well as the Indian state of Haryana.
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|altitude=
|presentname= Punjab
|stateprovince=
|country= India and Pakistan
}}


Punjab was partitioned between India and Pakistan in 1947.
Alternative spelling - Punjaub, Panjab


==History==
==History==
The entire province became part of British India in 1849 after the Second Anglo Sikh War.
Following the [[2nd Sikh War]] the Punjab was annexed by the British in 1849 and became part of the [[Bengal Presidency]]. In 1901 Lord Curzon authorised the division of Punjab. The [[North West Frontier Province]] was created with five districts and five agencies. [[Delhi]] was separated to become the new capital. The remaining part of Punjab formed a separate province which was subsequently partitioned between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] in 1947.


====Government====
* 1897-1920: Council of the Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab.
* 1921-1936: Punjab Legislative Council
* 1937-1947: Punjab Legislative Assembly<br>
: [http://www.pap.gov.pk/html/1193897152_e.shtml Legislators]


==Capital==
==Capital==
* [[Lahore]]
* [[Lahore]]
* [[Murree]] (Winter capital until 1870s)
==Divisions==
At the turn of the 20th century there were five administrative divisions:
* Delhi
* Jullunder
* Lahore
* Multan
* Rawalpindi


==Districts and other areas==
To see divisions and districts in Punjab Province at the turn of the 20th century with their headquarter towns see [[Punjab Districts]]. Not all districts existed at the same time. Below is an attempt to list all districts that existed at one time or another under British rule.
====In India====
* [[Amritsar District]]
* [[Gurdaspur District]]
* [[Hissar District]]
====In Pakistan====
* [[Attock District]]
* [[Chenab Colony]]
* [[Dera Ghazi Khan District]]
* [[Gujranwala District]]
* [[Jhang District]]
* [[Jhelum District]]
* [[Lahore District]]
* [[Lyallpur District]]
* [[Mianwali District]]
* [[Montgomery District]] (now Sahiwal District)
* [[Multan District]]
* [[Muzaffargarh District]]
* [[Rawalpindi District]]
* [[Shahpur District]]
* [[Sheikhupura District]]
* [[Sialkot District]]
====NWFP====
These 5 districts were part of Punjab until 1901 when they were separated to form the new province.
* [[Bannu District]]
* [[Dera Ismail Khan District]]
* [[Hazara District]]
* [[Kohat District]]
* [[Peshawar District]]


==Cities and Towns==
==Cities and Towns==
===In Pakistan===
====In India====
* [[Amritsar]]. Also see [[Massacre at Amritsar]].
* [[Batala]]
* [[Delhi]]
* [[Ferozepore|Ferozepur]]
* [[Gurdaspur]]
* [[Hoshiarpur]]
* [[Ludhiana]]
* [[Simla]]
 
====In Pakistan====
* [[Attock]]
* [[Bhera]]
* [[Campbellpur]]
* [[Chillianwala]]
* [[Chiniot]]
* [[Dera Ghazi Khan]]
* [[Dera Ghazi Khan]]
* [[Fort Munro]]
* [[Fort Munro]]
* Lahore
* [[Gujrat]] (also spelt Gujerat)
* [[Lyallpur]]
* [[Gujranwala]]
* [[Hasanabdal]]
* [[Jhang]]
* [[Jhelum]]
* [[Kasur]]
* [[Khewra]]
* [[Khushab]]
* [[Lahore]]
* [[Lyallpur]] (now Faisalabad)
* [[Montgomery]] (now Sahiwal)
* [[Multan]]
* [[Multan]]
* [[Murree]]
* [[Murree]]
* [[Muzaffargarh]]
* [[Nankana Sahib]]
* [[Pakpattan]]
* [[Rawalpindi]]
* [[Rawalpindi]]
* [[Pind Dadan Khan]]
* [[Sakesar]]
* Shahdheri (now known as [[Taxila]])
* [[Sialkot]]


===In India===
==Princely States==
* [[Amritsar]]
====India====
* [[Ferozepur]]
* [[Chamba State]]
* [[Gurdaspur]]
* [[Faridkot State]]
* [[Hoshiarpur]]
* [[Kalsia State]]
* [[Ludhiana]]
* [[Patiala State ]]
 
====Pakistan====
* [[Bahawalpur State]]
 
 
 
== External Links ==
====Wikipedia====
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_%28British_India%29 Punjab (British India)]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_region Punjab Region]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India) Punjab (India)]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan) Punjab (Pakistan)]
====Other====
*[http://www.academia.edu/9405999/India_and_the_Great_War_Colonial_Anxieties_Fantasies_and_Discontent_Studies_in_Ethnicity_and_Nationalism_Vol._14_No._2_2014 "India and the Great War: Colonial Anxieties, Fantasies and Discontent"] by 
Gajendra Singh ''Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism'', Vol. 14, No. 2, 2014. academia.edu.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130810035718/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/14.1_Talbot.pdf "The Punjab under Colonialism: Order and Transformation in British India"]  by Ian A Talbot ''Journal of Punjab Studies'', 14(1),  (2004, Spring), pp 3-10, now archived.
*[http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/Pjhc%2031-2,%202010/6.%2013%206%2011%20British%20Rule%20in%20Punjab,%20fg%20Baqai.pdf "British Rule in Punjab: 1849-1947"] by Farah Gul Baqai ''Pakistan Journal of History and Culture'' Vol.XXXI No. 2, Jul-Dec 2010.
:[http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/Pjhc%2027-1%202006/3-Sir%20Evan%20Jenkins%20the%20Last%20,%20Farah.DOC.pdf "Sir Evan Jenkins and the 1947 Partition of the Punjab"] by Farah Gul Baqai ''Pakistan Journal of History and Culture'' Vol.XXVII No.1 Jan-Jun 2006.  Jenkins became the Governor of the Punjab on April 8, 1946 and held this position until 15 August 1947.
 
*[http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2089/1/Coombs_CEB_History_PhD_2011.pdf.pdf ''State Change in the Punjab: Professional and Personal Experiences of British Civil Servants over India’s independence and beyond'']  by Catherine Eleanor Brown Coombs. Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of PhD, The University of Leeds, School of History September 2011.
 
====Maps====
*[http://purl.umn.edu/229461 1859 Sketch map shewing the principal roads through the Punjab]. University of Minnesota Libraries, Ames Library of South Asia.
 
====Historical books online ====
*[https://archive.org/details/jstor-1797686  "Papers Descriptive of the Countries on the North-West Frontier of India:-The Thurr, or Desert; Joodpoor and Jaysulmeer"] by Alex. Burnes,  an article from ''Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London'', Volume 4.  1834. With maps. Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/OriginOfTheSikhPowerInThePunjabHenryT.Prinsep  ''Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab, And Political Life Of Muha-Raja Runjeet Singh, With An Account Of The Present Condition, Religion, Laws And Customs Of The Sikhs'']  Compiled by Henry T. Prinsep, of the Bengal Civil Service, from  a Report by Captain William Murray, and from other sources. Printed at Calcutta 1834 Archive.org. [https://archive.org/stream/OriginOfTheSikhPowerInThePunjabHenryT.Prinsep/Origin%20of%20the%20Sikh%20Power%20in%20the%20Punjab%20-%20Henry%20T.%20Prinsep#page/n253/mode/2up Map] in four sections. An alternative digital file contains a [https://archive.org/stream/originsikhpower00pringoog#page/n254/mode/2up newspaper article about the author]. Archive.org
*''Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan, and the Panjab: including a Residence in Those Countries from 1826 to 1838'' by Charles Masson 1842 Google Books [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KBAlciGlDMMC&pg=PR3 Volume1], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KlJFAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR1  Volume 2], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=lFJFAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR3 Volume 3]
:''Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan, the Panjab, and Kalât, During a Residence in Those Countries: To which is Added an Account of the Insurrection at Kalât, and a Memoir on Eastern Balochistan'' by Charles Masson 1844 Google Books [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=MtYWAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3 Volume 1], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=RNYWAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3 Volume 2], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=WNYWAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3 Volume 3], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=dNYWAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR4 Volume 4]
*[https://archive.org/details/travelsinkashmir00huge ''Travels in Kashmir and the Panjab - Containing A Particular Account Of The Government And Character Of The Sikhs''] From The German Of Baron Charles Hügel [or Hugel] With Notes By Major T.B. Jervis, F.R.S. 1845 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/soldiertraveller00gardiala ''Soldier and traveller; memoirs of Alexander Gardner, Colonel of Artillery in the service of Maharaja Ranjit Singh''] [1785-1877] edited by Major Hugh Pearse 1898 Archive.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170923065931/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2017/05/the-fantastic-adventures-of-the-tartan-turbaned-colonel/ "The fantastic adventures of the tartan-turbaned colonel"] by William Dalrymple 13 May 2017 ''The Spectator'', archived.
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=lGwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA225 "The Administration of the Punjab"], page 225 ''The Calcutta Review'', Volume 20, July-December 1853 Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=QRYYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA445 "Life in the Punjab"] ''The Calcutta Review'' Volume 26, January-June 1856  Google Books
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=LZ8IAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''General Report of the Administration of the Punjab Proper for the years 1849-50 and 1850-51 being the first two years after annexation''] 1854. Printed in Lahore. Google Books
: [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=OJ8IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Same title, printed in London] contains a few extra pages. Google Books
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=AAmzAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Selections from the records of the Government of India (Foreign Department), Issue 6: General Report on the Administration of the Punjab Territories for the years 1851-52 and 1852-53''] 1854 Google Books
*''The Annals of Indian Administration'', edited by Meredith Townsend and later George Smith. Selected extracts from the Records of the Indian, Bengal, Madras Bombay, NWP, and Punjab and perhaps other Governments. 
**[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OqsEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Part I 1856], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=YrAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR6 Part VI 1858], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jrAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7  Volume 3, Part 2 June 1859], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p7AEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR4 Volume 4, Part 1 March 1860], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=frIEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 Volume 14 1868-69]. Google Books.
**[https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Annals+of+Indian+Administration%29&sort=-date Editions on Archive.org to the year 1873-1874]
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=sJwIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Selections from the Public Correspondence of the Punjab Government Volume IV No 2: I Correspondence regarding Tea Plantations in the Punjab Provinces II Papers regarding the insalubrity of the Peshawur valley''] 1859 Google Books
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=HB0TAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5  ''The Punjab Record or Reference Book for Civil Officers Volume 3 1868''] Google Books
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5  ''The Punjab Record or Reference Book for Civil Officers Volume 4 1869''] Contains circulars, with indexes, for 1869. Each section is numbered separately:[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7 Financial Circular Orders]; [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP11 Police Department Orders], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 commencing here]; [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP23  Account Department Orders];  [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP31  Jail Department Orders]; [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP35  Registration Circular Orders]; [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1  Supreme Government Orders],  [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PA1 commencing here]; [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR21  Punjab Government Orders],  [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA4-PA1 commencing here]; [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR29 Selections from the records of the Office of the Financial Commissioner, Punjab 1869] Google Books
*''The Punjab Record or Reference Book for Civil Officers'' Archive.org
:[https://archive.org/details/punjabrecordorre07lahouoft Volume VII 1872], [http://archive.org/stream/punjabrecordorre09lahouoft#page/n3/mode/2up Volume IX 1874], [http://archive.org/stream/punjabrecordorre14lahouoft#page/n3/mode/2up Volume XIV 1879], [http://archive.org/stream/punjabrecordorre17lahouoft#page/n3/mode/2up Volume XVII 1882],  [http://archive.org/stream/punjabrecord01unkngoog#page/n4/mode/2up Part II-Executive Volume XXXVII 1902],  [http://archive.org/stream/punjabrecord00courgoog#page/n4/mode/2up Part II-Executive Volume XLI 1906]. Further volumes are available at [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22Punjab+Record%22&sort=-date Archive.org]
*[https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/jspui/handle/10973/4892 ''Commerce by river in the Punjab (1861-62 to 1871-72) or a Survey of the Marine Department of the Government of the Punjab''] by Faqir Chand Arrora 1930. GIPE Pune Digitised Books
*[http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_00000005D3D8 ''The Tourist's Guide from Delhi to Kurrachee, describing the various towns ... commerce: railways: river communications: &c: &c: with a map'']. Lahore  [c 1865?]. British Library Digital Collection
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=M-EJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP11 ''Hand-book of the Economic Products of the Punjab: With a Combined Index and Glossary of Technical Vernacular Words: Volume I Economic Raw Produce''] by Baden H Powell, H M Bengal Civil Service.  1868 Google Books
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Kk8aAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7 ''‪Hand-book of the Manufactures and Arts of the Punjab: Forming Vol. II to the "Hand-book of the Economic Products of the Punjab."‬''] by B H Baden Powell, H M Bengal Civil Service 1872 Google Books
*[https://archive.org/details/punjaubnorthwest00oldp  ''The Punjaub and North-West Frontier of India''] 
by An Old Punjaubee. 1878 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/reportonadminis00lahogoog#page/n3/mode/2up  ''Report on the Administration of the Punjab and its Dependencies for 1881-82''] 1882 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/handbookpanjbwe01eastgoog#page/n6/mode/1up ''Handbook of the Panjab, Western Rajputana, Kashmir, and Upper Sindh'']  by Edward B. Eastwick, published by John Murray 1883 Archive.org (Volume 4 in a series of Handbooks)
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/landfiveriversa01rossgoog#page/n5/mode/2up ''The Land of the Five Rivers and Sindh: Sketches Historical and Descriptive''] by David Ross 1883 Archive.org. Note that page 1 (at least) is missing, which may be obtained from this [http://www.archive.org/stream/landfiveriversa00rossgoog#page/n12/mode/2up link]
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.552097 ''The Grand Trunk Road in the Punjab 1849-1886''] Punjab Government Record Office Publications Monograph No.1 by KM Sarkar First published  1926.  Archive.org, Digital Library of India Collection.
*[https://archive.org/details/b24399899/page/n5/mode/2up ''Punjab Poisons : being a description of the poisons principally used in the Punjab''] by T. E. B. Brown, Brigade Surgeon, IMS [Indian Medical Service], Principal, Medical College, Lahore. 3rd edition, enlarged 1888. Archive.org
* ''Routes in the Bengal and Punjab Commands'' Revised Edition 1900. [Quarter] Master General Of India. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35368 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.
*[http://archive.org/stream/thirtyfiveyearsi00elsm#page/n7/mode/2up ''Thirty-five years in the Punjab, 1858-1893''] by G. R. Elsmie. "The last Haileybury Civilian who worked in that Province" 1908 Archive.org
*Many ''Punjab District Gazetteers''  and ''Punjab State/States Gazetteers'' are available on Archive.org as mirror editions, originally from Digital Library of India .  See [[Gazetteers]] for details.
* ''Imperial Gazetteer of India  Provincial Series: Punjab Volume  I'' 1908.  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105551 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.
:[http://archive.org/stream/imperialgazette05unkngoog#page/n4/mode/2up  ''Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series Punjab Volume II The Lahore, Rawalpindi and Multan Divisions and Native States''] 1908 Archive.org
*[http://panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/mainpage.jsp Panjab Digital Library]. It is necessary to register to read more than the first few pages of each book.
**The collection includes a number of [http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/mainpage.jsp?CategoryID=1&Searched=Gazetteer&x=16&y=12  ''Punjab District Gazetteers''] (The spelling also includes [http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/mainpage.jsp?CategoryID=1&Searched=Gazeteer&x=20&y=9 Gazeteer]/ [http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/mainpage.jsp?CategoryID=1&Searched=Gazetter&typebox=1 Gazetter]/ [http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/mainpage.jsp?CategoryID=1&Searched=Gazeetter&x=13&y=9 Gazeetter])
*[http://www.apnaorg.com/books/e-booklist.shtml Academy of the Punjab in North America: English language books online]. 
*''European Adventurers Of Northern India 1785 to 1849'' by C. Grey first published in 1929  [https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7272/page/n1/mode/2up Archive.org version], mirror from  Central Secretariat Library, Government of India. It is also available to [http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1929-european-adventurers-of-northern-india-1785-1849-by-grey-and-garrett-s-pdf/ download as a pdf]  from [[Online books#Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset|Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset]]. [https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2389/mode/2up Archive.org Pahar mirror version]. A description of the book says “This is a record of the adventurers, buccaneers, buffoons and entrepreneurs who cut a swathe through the heart of the Raj, before and during the golden age of British-ruled India.”<ref>[http://www.naval-military-press.com/european-adventurers-of-northern-india-1785-to-1849.html Naval and Military Press]</ref> Read more about the book in this link from  [https://web.archive.org/web/20170909165956/http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/historical-events/the-british-and-sikhs-1849-1947/european-adventurers-of-northern-india The Sikh Encyclopedia], now archived. It contains biographical sketches of over one hundred Europeans who came to or served in the Punjab during Sikh times.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=V2AoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR3 ''The rifle in Cashmere : a narrative of shooting expeditions in Ladak, Cashmere, Punjaub, etc., with advice on travelling, shooting, and stalking : to which are added notes on army reform and Indian politics''] by Arthur Brinckman, late of HM’s 94th Regt. 1862 Google Books 
*[https://archive.org/details/himalayandistri02harcgoog ''Himalayan Districts Of Kooloo, Lahoul, And Spiti''] by Capt. A F P Harcourt, Bengal Staff Corps, Assistant Commissioner Punjab. 1871 Archive.org. Lacks the illustrations. Also available  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33518 Archive.org  mirror version] originally from Digital Library of India,  but noting the 2006 digitisation date, the illustrations (if any) may be of poor quality.  A 2014 digitised file (1874 edition) is available as a [http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1874-himalayan-districts-of-kooloo-lahoul-and-spiti-by-harcourt-pdf/ pdf download], with a [http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1871-the-himalayan-districts-of-kooloo-lahoul-and-spiti-by-harcourt-s-pdf/ 1871 edition], both from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. [https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.0772/mode/2up Archive.org Pahar mirror version 1874]; [https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.0716 Archive.org Pahar mirror version, 1871]. Kulu (Kooloo), Punjab is situated in the hills between Kashmir and Simla.
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b52048?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 ''Vazeeri Rupi, the silver country of the Vazeers, in Kulu: its beauties, antiquities, and silver mines. Including a trip over the lower Himalayah range and glaciers. With numerous illustrations''] by J. Calvert. 2nd Edition 1873 Hathi Trust. Also available as a [http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1873-vazeeri-rupi-in-kulu-its-beauties-antiquities-and-silver-mines-by-calvert-s-pdf/ pdf download] Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. [https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.0765 Archive.org Pahar mirror version].  Kulu (Kooloo), Punjab is situated in the hills between Kashmir and Simla.
*[https://archive.org/details/highlandsindia01newagoog ''The Highlands of India Strategically Considered''] by  Major General D J F Newall R A (Bengal retired) 1882 Archive.org
:[https://archive.org/details/highlandsindia00newagoog ''The Highlands of India, Volume II, being a Chronicle of Field Sports and Travel in India''] by Major General D J F Newall R A (Bengal Retired) 1887 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/northpunjabfish00clubgoog ''North Punjab Fishing Club Anglers' Handbook''] by G H Lacey, Bengal Staff Corps 1888 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/lightsshadesofhi00gore ''Lights & Shades of Hill Life in the Afghan and Hindu Highlands of the Punjab, a Contrast'']  by F St J Gore 1895 Archive.org. With photographs by the author. Part I Kulu. Part II Kuram.
*[https://archive.org/details/afterfiveyearsin00wilsrich ''After Five years in India, or, Life and Work in a Punjaub District'']  by Anne C Wilson. 1895 Archive.org. Her husband was deputy-commissioner, magistrate and collector in the Sirsa District, part of the Hissar District.
:[https://archive.org/details/lettersfromindia00wilsuoft ''Letters from India''] by Lady Wilson (A C Macleod) [Anne Campbell] 1911 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.05452/page/n5/mode/2up ''The Punjab in Peace and War''] by  S S Thorburn, Indian Civil Service (Retired) 1904. Archive.org, Public Library of India collection.
*[https://www.wdl.org/en/item/9704 ''Panjabi Grammar: A Brief Grammar of Panjabi As Spoken in the Wazirabad District''] by Thomas Grahame Bailey 1904 World Digital Library/Library of Congress. Click on image to read the book online.
*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924022906311/page/n9/mode/2up ''Robert Clark of the Panjab : pioneer and missionary statesman''] by Henry Martyn Clark  1907 Archive.org. Born 1825, he joined the  Church Missionary Society  and  was sent to  India where he arrived  in 1852 and was posted to [[Amritsar]]. He partially retired in 1898, completely in  1900, but died soon after.
*''Selections from the Punjab Government Records''. Edited by A. Raynor and H. R. Goulding c 1911.  Mirror versions from Archive.org, originally from Digital Library of India.
**vol. 1.  ''Records Of The Delhi Residency And Agency Vol.1'' 1911. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529192 Archive.org version].
**vol. 2.  ''Records Of The Ludhiana Agency Vol.ii'' 1911. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.63194 Archive.org version].
**vol. 3. ''Political Diaries of the Agent to the Governor-General, North-West Frontier and Resident at Lahore [Sir Henry Lawrence]. From 1st January 1847 to 4th March, 1848''. 1909.  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529193 Archive.org version].
**vol. 4. ''Journals and Diaries of the Assistants to the Agent, Governor-General, North-West Frontier, and Resident at Lahore, 1846-1849''. [By James Abbott, George St. P. Lawrence and others.] 1911.  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529194 Archive.org version].
**vol. 5. ''Political Diaries of Lieut. H. B. Edwardes, Assistant to the Resident at Lahore, 1847-1849''.  1911.  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529196 Archive.org version].
**vol. 6. ''Political Diaries of Lieutenant Reynell G. Taylor, Mr. P. Sandys Melvill [and others] ... 1847-1849.''  1915. [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.10813/page/n7  Archive.org version] (from Archaeological Survey of India)
**vol. 7. ''Mutiny Records. Correspondence''. 2 pt. 1911.  ''Mutiny Records Correspondence In Two Part Part I 1911'': Probably Volume 7  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281777  Archive.org version]. [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.10817/page/n7 ''Mutiny Records Correspondence Vol.7 Pt.2 1911''] Archive.org.
**vol. 8. ''Mutiny Records. Reports''. 2 pt. 1911.  ''Mutiny Records Reports Vol.8; Pt.1 1911'' [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529198 Archive.org version];  ''Mutiny Records Reports Vol.8; Pt.2'' [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529197 Archive.org version].
**vol. 9. ''Selections from Note-Books kept by Captain G. Birch, Assistant to Agent to the Governor-General, Karnal Agency, 1818-1821''. 1921. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281915 Archive.org version].
:[https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.107962/page/n3/mode/2up ''Press Lists of Mutiny Papers of 1857-58 in the Punjab Secretariat''] published c 1925 (although catalogued 1857). The author appears to be  HLO Garrett, Keeper of the Punjab Records at Lahore. Archive.org, Granth Sanjeevani Collection.
*''A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of Punjab and North-West Frontier Province'' by H A Rose 1911-1919. [https://archive.org/details/b2901086x_0001  Volume 1] 1919; [https://archive.org/details/glossaryoftribes03rose Vol.2 A – K] 1911 ; [https://archive.org/details/b2901086x_0003  Vol.3 L – Z with appendices A - L] 1914. All Archive.org.
*''Journal of the Panjab Historical Society'', Lahore.
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285043/mode/2up Vol III, No 2,  1915 one article only] "The Site of the Battle of Delhi, 1803" by Sir Edward Maclagan;
:[https://archive.org/details/journalpunjab05punjuoft/page/n5/mode/2up Volume V]  1918, [https://archive.org/details/journalpunjab05punjuoft/page/n7/mode/2up Contents]; [https://archive.org/details/journalpunjab05punjuoft/page/n159/mode/2up Volume VI] 1918, [https://archive.org/details/journalpunjab05punjuoft/page/n161/mode/2up Contents];
:[https://archive.org/details/journalpunjab05punjuoft/page/n337/mode/2up Vol VII, No. 1] 1918; [https://archive.org/details/journalpunjab05punjuoft/page/n429/mode/2up Vol VII No 2] 1919; [https://archive.org/details/journalpunjab05punjuoft/page/n549/mode/2up Vol VIII No 1] 1920; [https://archive.org/details/journalpunjab05punjuoft/page/102/mode/2up Vol VIII No 2] 1921;
:[https://archive.org/details/journal911punjuoft/page/n5/mode/2up Vol IX, Pt I]  1923; [https://archive.org/details/journal911punjuoft/page/n99/mode/2up Vol IX Pt II] 1925; [https://archive.org/details/journal911punjuoft/page/n195/mode/2up Vol X, Part I] 1929; [https://archive.org/details/journal911punjuoft/page/n293/mode/2up Vol X, Part II] 1929 No Contents page. All Archive.org
*''Turmoil and Tragedy in India, 1914 and After'' by Lieut.-General Sir George MacMunn 1935  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.177667 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India. It is catalogued as ''Turmoil The Tragedy In India 1914''.
*[https://archive.org/details/provincialgeogra01holluoft ''The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir''] by Sir James Douie 1916 Archive.org. A volume in the series ''Provincial Geographies of India''.
*[https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab00parruoft  ''The Sikhs of the Punjab''] by R E Parry late Indian Army Reserve of Officers; sometime Acting  Captain and adjutant 2/15th Ludhiana Sikhs. Sometime attached 35th Sikhs. [1921] Archive.org. Includes [https://archive.org/stream/sikhsofpunjab00parruoft#page/104/mode/2up Chapter VI Recruiting Methods] page 104.
*[https://archive.org/stream/blackwoodsmag210edinuoft#page/454/mode/2up "Seven Years of War and the Salt Range"] by ‘Punjab Captain’ page 454 ''Blackwood’s Magazine'', no 210 July-Dec 1921. Archive.org. Many men in the Punjab were still absent in the Army overseas.  This account also appears in the book [https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2254/page/257/mode/2up ''Tales from Turkistan''] page 257, 1924 Archive.org where the author is elsewhere considered to be Latham Valentine Stewart Blacker, see [[Norperforce]].
*[http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=7255&page=1&CategoryID=1  ''The Punjab And The War''] compiled by M S Leigh  ICS  1922  Panjab Digital Library. This book is also available  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278316 Archive.org], mirror  from Digital Library of India.
*[https://archive.org/details/HardingePapersRelatingToPunjab/page/n1 ''Hardinge Papers Relating To Punjab''] edited and annotated by Dr Kirpal Singh 2002 Archive.org. Includes papers relating to both  Hardinge the Governor General (1844-1848) and  his grandson, Viceroy (1910-1916).
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/punjabdisturbanc01lahouoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''Punjab disturbances, April 1919; compiled from the Civil and military gazette''] 1919 Archive.org
*[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p00324262w?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Army. Disturbances in the Punjab. Statement by Brig.-General  R E H Dyer''] Presented to Parliament HMSO 1920. HathiTrust Digital Library
*[https://archive.org/details/ape9901.0001.001.umich.edu ''Report: Disorders Inquiry Committee 1919-1920''] Archive.org. Also published 1920 by HMSO under the title ''East India (disturbances in the Punjab, etc.) : report of the committee appointed by the Government of India to investigate the disturbances in the Punjab''
:''Evidence taken before the Disorders Inquiry Committee''. [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.109039 ''Volume IV: Lahore and Kasur''];  [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.109050/page/n3/mode/2up ''Volume V : Gujranwala, Gujrat, Lyallpur and Punjab Provincial''], [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951d00850875e?urlappend=%3Bseq=7 Volume V HathiTrust Digital Library]; [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.14974 ''Volume VI: Punjab Government and Sir Umar Hayat Khan''] 1920. Mainly Archive.org.
:[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011930458 Vol.1 - Delhi; Vol.2 - Bombay Presidency; Vol.3 - Amritsar;] HathiTrust Digital Library accessible by those in regions such as North America. Volumes 6 and 7  (confidential, 1920 British Library IOR/V/26/262/8-9) were first  unrestrictedly published  in 1975.
*''Punjab Unrest Before and After''  by H N Mittra [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.173517/page/n3 1920 edition], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.214674/page/n5 2nd edition 1921] Archive.org
* ''Kapurthala State Its Past And Present'' 1921.  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.59323 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India
*''History Of The Panjab Hill States'' by J Hutchison (John) and S E J P Vogel (Jean Philippe) 1933. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.63214 Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503167 Volume II] Archive.org.
*Industry and  Industrial Arts  series of Monographs
**[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108043 ''Monograph On The Gold And Silver Work Of The Punjab''] by  E D Maclagan 1890 Archive.org, Digital Library of India Collection.
**[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107098 ''Monograph On The Pottery And Glass Industries Of The Punjab 1890-1891''] 1892 Archive.org, Digital Library of India Collection.
**[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70499  ''Monograph On Ivory Carving In The Punjab 1900''] 1900 Archive.org, Digital Library of India Collection.
**[https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/35146 ''Monograph on Stone-carving and In-laying in the Punjab, 1904-05''] 1906. Pdf download, Digital Repository of GIPE Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics [Pune].  [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.109809 Archive.org version] Granth Sanjeevani Collection.
*Fiction
**[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282843 ''Some Passages In The Life Of An Adventurer In The Punjab''] Printed at Delhi 1842. Easier to read, but missing at least 2 pages, compared  to [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.14891/page/n3 version 2] Both Archive.org.
 
== References ==
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[[Category:Locations]]
[[Category:Locations]]
[[Category:Provinces]]

Latest revision as of 03:52, 27 June 2023

Map showing its districts and princely states

Punjab referred to the areas between the five rivers which were Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej and which were the territory of the Sikh Empire. The present Punjab region covers the area of the two modern states of the same name (one on each side of the India-Pakistan border) as well as the Indian state of Haryana.

Alternative spelling - Punjaub, Panjab

History

Following the 2nd Sikh War the Punjab was annexed by the British in 1849 and became part of the Bengal Presidency. In 1901 Lord Curzon authorised the division of Punjab. The North West Frontier Province was created with five districts and five agencies. Delhi was separated to become the new capital. The remaining part of Punjab formed a separate province which was subsequently partitioned between India and Pakistan in 1947.

Government

  • 1897-1920: Council of the Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab.
  • 1921-1936: Punjab Legislative Council
  • 1937-1947: Punjab Legislative Assembly
Legislators

Capital

Divisions

At the turn of the 20th century there were five administrative divisions:

  • Delhi
  • Jullunder
  • Lahore
  • Multan
  • Rawalpindi

Districts and other areas

To see divisions and districts in Punjab Province at the turn of the 20th century with their headquarter towns see Punjab Districts. Not all districts existed at the same time. Below is an attempt to list all districts that existed at one time or another under British rule.

In India

In Pakistan

NWFP

These 5 districts were part of Punjab until 1901 when they were separated to form the new province.

Cities and Towns

In India

In Pakistan

Princely States

India

Pakistan


External Links

Wikipedia

Other

"Sir Evan Jenkins and the 1947 Partition of the Punjab" by Farah Gul Baqai Pakistan Journal of History and Culture Vol.XXVII No.1 Jan-Jun 2006. Jenkins became the Governor of the Punjab on April 8, 1946 and held this position until 15 August 1947.

Maps

Historical books online

Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan, the Panjab, and Kalât, During a Residence in Those Countries: To which is Added an Account of the Insurrection at Kalât, and a Memoir on Eastern Balochistan by Charles Masson 1844 Google Books Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3, Volume 4
Same title, printed in London contains a few extra pages. Google Books
Volume VII 1872, Volume IX 1874, Volume XIV 1879, Volume XVII 1882, Part II-Executive Volume XXXVII 1902, Part II-Executive Volume XLI 1906. Further volumes are available at Archive.org
Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series Punjab Volume II The Lahore, Rawalpindi and Multan Divisions and Native States 1908 Archive.org
The Highlands of India, Volume II, being a Chronicle of Field Sports and Travel in India by Major General D J F Newall R A (Bengal Retired) 1887 Archive.org
Letters from India by Lady Wilson (A C Macleod) [Anne Campbell] 1911 Archive.org
  • The Punjab in Peace and War by S S Thorburn, Indian Civil Service (Retired) 1904. Archive.org, Public Library of India collection.
  • Panjabi Grammar: A Brief Grammar of Panjabi As Spoken in the Wazirabad District by Thomas Grahame Bailey 1904 World Digital Library/Library of Congress. Click on image to read the book online.
  • Robert Clark of the Panjab : pioneer and missionary statesman by Henry Martyn Clark 1907 Archive.org. Born 1825, he joined the Church Missionary Society and was sent to India where he arrived in 1852 and was posted to Amritsar. He partially retired in 1898, completely in 1900, but died soon after.
  • Selections from the Punjab Government Records. Edited by A. Raynor and H. R. Goulding c 1911. Mirror versions from Archive.org, originally from Digital Library of India.
    • vol. 1. Records Of The Delhi Residency And Agency Vol.1 1911. Archive.org version.
    • vol. 2. Records Of The Ludhiana Agency Vol.ii 1911. Archive.org version.
    • vol. 3. Political Diaries of the Agent to the Governor-General, North-West Frontier and Resident at Lahore [Sir Henry Lawrence]. From 1st January 1847 to 4th March, 1848. 1909. Archive.org version.
    • vol. 4. Journals and Diaries of the Assistants to the Agent, Governor-General, North-West Frontier, and Resident at Lahore, 1846-1849. [By James Abbott, George St. P. Lawrence and others.] 1911. Archive.org version.
    • vol. 5. Political Diaries of Lieut. H. B. Edwardes, Assistant to the Resident at Lahore, 1847-1849. 1911. Archive.org version.
    • vol. 6. Political Diaries of Lieutenant Reynell G. Taylor, Mr. P. Sandys Melvill [and others] ... 1847-1849. 1915. Archive.org version (from Archaeological Survey of India)
    • vol. 7. Mutiny Records. Correspondence. 2 pt. 1911. Mutiny Records Correspondence In Two Part Part I 1911: Probably Volume 7 Archive.org version. Mutiny Records Correspondence Vol.7 Pt.2 1911 Archive.org.
    • vol. 8. Mutiny Records. Reports. 2 pt. 1911. Mutiny Records Reports Vol.8; Pt.1 1911 Archive.org version; Mutiny Records Reports Vol.8; Pt.2 Archive.org version.
    • vol. 9. Selections from Note-Books kept by Captain G. Birch, Assistant to Agent to the Governor-General, Karnal Agency, 1818-1821. 1921. Archive.org version.
Press Lists of Mutiny Papers of 1857-58 in the Punjab Secretariat published c 1925 (although catalogued 1857). The author appears to be HLO Garrett, Keeper of the Punjab Records at Lahore. Archive.org, Granth Sanjeevani Collection.
Vol III, No 2, 1915 one article only "The Site of the Battle of Delhi, 1803" by Sir Edward Maclagan;
Volume V 1918, Contents; Volume VI 1918, Contents;
Vol VII, No. 1 1918; Vol VII No 2 1919; Vol VIII No 1 1920; Vol VIII No 2 1921;
Vol IX, Pt I 1923; Vol IX Pt II 1925; Vol X, Part I 1929; Vol X, Part II 1929 No Contents page. All Archive.org
Evidence taken before the Disorders Inquiry Committee. Volume IV: Lahore and Kasur; Volume V : Gujranwala, Gujrat, Lyallpur and Punjab Provincial, Volume V HathiTrust Digital Library; Volume VI: Punjab Government and Sir Umar Hayat Khan 1920. Mainly Archive.org.
Vol.1 - Delhi; Vol.2 - Bombay Presidency; Vol.3 - Amritsar; HathiTrust Digital Library accessible by those in regions such as North America. Volumes 6 and 7 (confidential, 1920 British Library IOR/V/26/262/8-9) were first unrestrictedly published in 1975.

References