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{{War|name=Indian Mutiny |dates=10 May 1857-19 April 1959 |image= |location=[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain Gangetic Plain] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_India Central India] |combatant1=[[British Army]]<br>[[East India Company Armies]] |combatant2=[[Bengal Presidency]] regiments |result= Rebellion crushed|medal=[http://www.medals.org.uk/united-kingdom/united-kingdom117.htm Indian Mutiny Medal]<br>Clasps: Delhi, Defence of Lucknow, Relief of Lucknow, Lucknow, Central India| category= |link1=[[:Category:Delhi Campaign |Delhi Campaign]]<br>[[:Category:Events at Cawnpore|Events at Cawnpore]]<br>[[:Category:Havelock's Campaign|Havelock's Campaign]]<br>[[:Category:Showers' Movable Column|Showers' Movable Column]]<br>[[:Category:Greathed's Movable Column|Greathed's Movable Column]]<br>[[:Category:Seaton's Movable Column|Seaton's Movable Column]]<br>[[:Category:Trans-Gogra Campaign|Trans-Gogra Campaign]]<br>[[:Category:Oude Campaign|Oude Campaign]]<br>[[:Category:Central India Campaign|Central India Campaign]]<br>[[:Category:Rohilcund Campaign|Rohilcund Campaign]]}}
{{War|name=Indian Mutiny |dates=10 May 1857-19 April 1859 |image= |location=[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain Gangetic Plain] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_India Central India] |combatant1=[[British Army]]<br>[[East India Company Armies]] |combatant2=[[Bengal Presidency]] regiments |result= Rebellion crushed|medal=[http://www.medals.org.uk/united-kingdom/united-kingdom117.htm Indian Mutiny Medal]<br>Clasps: Delhi, Defence of Lucknow, Relief of Lucknow, Lucknow, Central India| category= |link1=[[:Category:Delhi Campaign |Delhi Campaign]]<br>[[:Category:Events at Cawnpore|Events at Cawnpore]]<br>[[:Category:Havelock's Campaign|Havelock's Campaign]]<br>[[:Category:Showers' Movable Column|Showers' Movable Column]]<br>[[:Category:Greathed's Movable Column|Greathed's Movable Column]]<br>[[:Category:Seaton's Movable Column|Seaton's Movable Column]]<br>[[:Category:Trans-Gogra Campaign|Trans-Gogra Campaign]]<br>[[:Category:Oude Campaign|Oude Campaign]]<br>[[:Category:Central India Campaign|Central India Campaign]]<br>[[:Category:Rohilcund Campaign|Rohilcund Campaign]]}}


== Preamble ==
== Preamble ==
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==FIBIS resources==
==FIBIS resources==
*[https://search.fibis.org/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=169&s_id=67 Indian Mutiny Medal Roll (British Forces) 1857-1859] - a medal roll transcription with over 50,000 names of [[British Army]] soldiers awarded medals
*FIBIS database:[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=169&s_id=67 Indian Mutiny Medal Roll (British Forces) 1857-1859] - a medal roll transcription with over 50,000 names of [[British Army]] soldiers awarded medals
*[https://search.fibis.org/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=351&s_id=493 Supplement to The London Gazette] - around 2000 names of Europeans killed or wounded by disaffected soldiers or local residents as reported in the London Gazette
*FIBIS database:[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=351&s_id=493 Supplement to The London Gazette] - around 2000 names of Europeans killed or wounded by disaffected soldiers or local residents as reported in the London Gazette
*[https://search.fibis.org/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=226&s_id=0 The Diary of a Medical Officer during the Great Indian Mutiny]
*FIBIS database:[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=226&s_id=0 The Diary of a Medical Officer during the Great Indian Mutiny]
*FIBIS database: [https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=1315 Indian Mutiny 1857-59 - Victoria Cross Awards] Victoria Crosses awarded during the Indian Mutiny 1857-59 from the book War Services of Officers of the Bengal Army by Captain T C Anderson, 1863


==Casualties==
==Casualties==
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*[http://www.usiofindia.org/publications/Journal/Archives/ "Reflections from Lucknow on the Great Uprising of 1857"] by Dr Rosie Llewellyn-Jones  from the United Service Institution of India website. Scroll and select "October 2005-December 2005", then scroll to the article. Retrieved 12 October 2014
*[http://www.usiofindia.org/publications/Journal/Archives/ "Reflections from Lucknow on the Great Uprising of 1857"] by Dr Rosie Llewellyn-Jones  from the United Service Institution of India website. Scroll and select "October 2005-December 2005", then scroll to the article. Retrieved 12 October 2014
*[http://sites.google.com/site/laurieletters/1-introduction Irregular Correspondence] is a collection of letters by the three eldest sons of John and Eliza Laurie, to their parents. Includes the letters from India 1858-1861, of Lieutenant Julius Laurie of the 34th Foot. (Website by William Dyson-Laurie)
*[http://sites.google.com/site/laurieletters/1-introduction Irregular Correspondence] is a collection of letters by the three eldest sons of John and Eliza Laurie, to their parents. Includes the letters from India 1858-1861, of Lieutenant Julius Laurie of the 34th Foot. (Website by William Dyson-Laurie)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170726072557/http://www.leighanddistricthistory.com/index.php/law/indian-mutiny-1857-1858 Leigh and District History: Indian Mutiny 1857-1858], now an archived webpage. Personal accounts from soldiers in India, sent to family in  the Leigh District, Greater Manchester, England. The account by James Ramsdale, stated to be of the "14th Battalion Royal Infantry", appears to be a transcription error -  it is considered he was actually in  No. 3 Coy/14th Bn. Royal Artillery.<ref>Snook, Mike. [http://www.victorianwars.com/viewtopic.php?f=12&t=11969&sid=132751e5450348d8a925c2d2a7154561#p63140 How did new troops get to Roorkee in 1858?] ''Victorian Wars Forum'' 3 August 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2017.</ref>
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170726072557/http://www.leighanddistricthistory.com/index.php/law/indian-mutiny-1857-1858 Leigh and District History: Indian Mutiny 1857-1858], now an archived webpage. Personal accounts from soldiers in India, sent to family in  the Leigh District, Greater Manchester, England. The account by James Ramsdale, stated to be of the "14th Battalion Royal Infantry", appears to be a transcription error -  it is considered he was actually in  No. 3 Coy/14th Bn. Royal Artillery.<ref>Snook, Mike. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170819034041/http://www.victorianwars.com/viewtopic.php?f=12&t=11969&sid=132751e5450348d8a925c2d2a7154561 How did new troops get to Roorkee in 1858?] ''Victorian Wars Forum'' 3 August 2017, now archived.</ref>
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44225863 "Three Letters From The Indian Mutiny"] by Brian Robson. ''Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research'' Vol. 77, No. 310 (Summer 1999), pp. 100-105. jstor.org. Read online for free, but registration with jstor.org required, see [[Miscellaneous tips]] for more details.  Three letters from Rifleman Francis Foster of the [[Rifle Brigade]], dating from the latter phases of the Mutiny, in 1858.
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44225863 "Three Letters From The Indian Mutiny"] by Brian Robson. ''Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research'' Vol. 77, No. 310 (Summer 1999), pp. 100-105. jstor.org. Read online for free, but registration with jstor.org required, see [[Miscellaneous tips]] for more details.  Three letters from Rifleman Francis Foster of the [[Rifle Brigade]], dating from the latter phases of the Mutiny, in 1858.
*[http://bjmh.org.uk/index.php/bjmh/article/view/32 "Counter-Insurgency in the Bombay Presidency during the Mutiny-Rebellion, 1857"] by Bruce Collins, British ''Journal for Military History'' Vol 1, No 2 (2015). bjmh.org.uk.
*[http://bjmh.org.uk/index.php/bjmh/article/view/32 "Counter-Insurgency in the Bombay Presidency during the Mutiny-Rebellion, 1857"] by Bruce Collins, British ''Journal for Military History'' Vol 1, No 2 (2015). bjmh.org.uk.
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:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.175703 Second edition 1897] With a second Preface. Archive.org.
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.175703 Second edition 1897] With a second Preface. Archive.org.
*[http://archive.org/stream/historyofindian00holm#page/n5/mode/2up ''A History of the Indian Mutiny and of the disturbances which accompanied it among the civil population''] by T. Rice Holmes 5th edition revised 1898, originally published 1883. Archive.org. [http://archive.org/stream/historyofindian00holm#page/638/mode/2up Index], page 639
*[http://archive.org/stream/historyofindian00holm#page/n5/mode/2up ''A History of the Indian Mutiny and of the disturbances which accompanied it among the civil population''] by T. Rice Holmes 5th edition revised 1898, originally published 1883. Archive.org. [http://archive.org/stream/historyofindian00holm#page/638/mode/2up Index], page 639
*''The History of the Royal and Indian Artillery in the Mutiny of 1857''  by Julian R J Jocelyn 1915 is available in a reprint edition,<ref>[https://www.naval-military-press.com/product/history-of-the-royal-and-indian-artillery-in-the-mutiny-of-1857/ ''History of the Royal and Indian Artillery in the Mutiny of 1857''] by Julian R J Jocelyn. Naval & Military Press reprint edition.</ref>  which in turn is available [https://www.fold3.com/browse/251/hTGb85NZ8EamDdOvsqtlyCuUX  online on the Ancestry owned pay website fold3]  (located in World War II/Military Books/India). Also available for those in areas such as North America on  [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008884125 HathiTrust Digital Library] and [https://books.google.com.au/books/about/The_history_of_the_Royal_and_Indian_arti.html?id=vKc4AQAAIAAJ Google Books].   “A very remarkable narrative, containing better tables and orders of battle, than any other book published. It is as interesting for its general as it is for its artillery record.” (Statement by Sir George MacMunn, 1931, refer his book below).
*[https://archive.org/details/history-artillery-mutiny-1857/page/n13/mode/2up ''The History of the Royal and Indian Artillery in the Mutiny of 1857''] by Julian R J Jocelyn 1915. Archive.org. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KE9FAAAAYAAJ Google Books], same digital file.   “A very remarkable narrative, containing better tables and orders of battle, than any other book published. It is as interesting for its general as it is for its artillery record.” (Statement by Sir George MacMunn, 1931, refer his book below).
*''History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I'' by Maj-Gen Whitworth Porter 1889 [http://www.archive.org/stream/historycorpsroy01portgoog#page/n530/mode/2up  "The Indian Mutiny"], page 474. Archive.org
*''History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I'' by Maj-Gen Whitworth Porter 1889 [http://www.archive.org/stream/historycorpsroy01portgoog#page/n530/mode/2up  "The Indian Mutiny"], page 474. Archive.org
*''Selections from the letters, despatches and other state papers preserved in the Military Department of the Government of India, 1857-58'' edited by George W. Forrest, Director of Records of the Government of India. Archive.org  
*''Selections from the letters, despatches and other state papers preserved in the Military Department of the Government of India, 1857-58'' edited by George W. Forrest, Director of Records of the Government of India. Archive.org  
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*[https://archive.org/details/crisisinpunjabfr00coop/page/n5 ''The Crisis in the Punjab : from the 10th of May until the Fall of Delhi''] by Frederic Cooper, Deputy Commissioner of Umritsur 1858 Archive.org. Published in London. Includes [https://archive.org/details/crisisinpunjabfr00coop/page/n11 "Disposition of Troops prior to Outbreak"], page vii. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p8QnAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5 Google Books edition by A Punjab Employe] and published in Lahore for the benefit of the Lawrence Asylum 1858.
*[https://archive.org/details/crisisinpunjabfr00coop/page/n5 ''The Crisis in the Punjab : from the 10th of May until the Fall of Delhi''] by Frederic Cooper, Deputy Commissioner of Umritsur 1858 Archive.org. Published in London. Includes [https://archive.org/details/crisisinpunjabfr00coop/page/n11 "Disposition of Troops prior to Outbreak"], page vii. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p8QnAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5 Google Books edition by A Punjab Employe] and published in Lahore for the benefit of the Lawrence Asylum 1858.
*[http://archive.org/stream/fiftysevensomeac00keenrich#page/n3/mode/2up ''Fifty-Seven: Some Account of the Administration in Indian Districts during the Revolt of the Bengal Army''] by Henry George Keene 1883 Archive.org
*[http://archive.org/stream/fiftysevensomeac00keenrich#page/n3/mode/2up ''Fifty-Seven: Some Account of the Administration in Indian Districts during the Revolt of the Bengal Army''] by Henry George Keene 1883 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1727/page/n5/mode/2up ''The Sepoy Revolt: A Critical Narrative''] by Lieut.-General McLeod Innes VC 1897. Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.
*''The Tale of the  Great Mutiny'' by W H  Fitchett. With portraits and maps. [https://archive.org/details/taleofgreatmutin01fitc 1901 version]; [https://archive.org/details/taleofgreatmutin00fitc  Eight Impression, Second Edition (Enlarged) 1909] Archive.org
*''The Tale of the  Great Mutiny'' by W H  Fitchett. With portraits and maps. [https://archive.org/details/taleofgreatmutin01fitc 1901 version]; [https://archive.org/details/taleofgreatmutin00fitc  Eight Impression, Second Edition (Enlarged) 1909] Archive.org
*''Records of the Intelligence Department of the Government of the North-West Provinces of India during the Mutiny of 1857'' arranged by Sir William Muir 1902 Archive.org [http://www.archive.org/stream/recordsintellig00indigoog#page/n6/mode/2up Volume 1] [http://www.archive.org/stream/recordsintellig01indigoog#page/n6/mode/2up Volume 2]
*''Records of the Intelligence Department of the Government of the North-West Provinces of India during the Mutiny of 1857'' arranged by Sir William Muir 1902 Archive.org [http://www.archive.org/stream/recordsintellig00indigoog#page/n6/mode/2up Volume 1] [http://www.archive.org/stream/recordsintellig01indigoog#page/n6/mode/2up Volume 2]
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*[https://archive.org/details/heroesofindianmu00gill/page/n11 ''Heroes of the Indian Mutiny; Stories of Heroic Deeds…''] by Edward Gilliat 1914 Archive.org. Elsewhere classified as “reading level: Young Adults”, and appears to be considered suitable for older school students.
*[https://archive.org/details/heroesofindianmu00gill/page/n11 ''Heroes of the Indian Mutiny; Stories of Heroic Deeds…''] by Edward Gilliat 1914 Archive.org. Elsewhere classified as “reading level: Young Adults”, and appears to be considered suitable for older school students.
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12731/page/n7 ''English Historical Writings on the Indian Mutiny 1857-1859''] by Sashi Bhusan Chaudhuri 1979 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12731/page/n7 ''English Historical Writings on the Indian Mutiny 1857-1859''] by Sashi Bhusan Chaudhuri 1979 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/soldiersahibsmen0000alle ''Soldier Sahibs : the men who made the North-West Frontier''] by Charles Allen 2001, first published 2000.  Includes 3 chapters about the Indian Mutiny. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
*[https://archive.org/details/indianmutiny18570000frem ''The Indian Mutiny, 1857-58''] by  Gregory Fremont-Barnes 2007.  Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.  Part of the series ''Essential Histories'' edited by Professor Robert O’Neill.
*[https://archive.org/details/indianmutiny18570000frem ''The Indian Mutiny, 1857-58''] by  Gregory Fremont-Barnes 2007.  Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.  Part of the series ''Essential Histories'' edited by Professor Robert O’Neill.


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*[https://archive.org/details/b28709019 ''My Journal or What I did and saw between the 9th of June and 25th November, 1857, with an Account of General Havelock's March from Allahabad to Lucknow''] by A Volunteer. 1858 Archive.org. The author was W. O. Swanston [William Oliver] 7th Madras NI.  The story of the Volunteer Cavalry, commanded by Captain Barrow, also known as [[Barrow's Volunteers‎]].
*[https://archive.org/details/b28709019 ''My Journal or What I did and saw between the 9th of June and 25th November, 1857, with an Account of General Havelock's March from Allahabad to Lucknow''] by A Volunteer. 1858 Archive.org. The author was W. O. Swanston [William Oliver] 7th Madras NI.  The story of the Volunteer Cavalry, commanded by Captain Barrow, also known as [[Barrow's Volunteers‎]].
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=tDAoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR3  ''Recollections of a winter campaign in India in 1857-58''] by Capt Oliver John Jones, R.N. 1859 Google Books. The author was attached, as a volunteer, to the [[53rd Regiment of Foot]] for five months
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=tDAoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR3  ''Recollections of a winter campaign in India in 1857-58''] by Capt Oliver John Jones, R.N. 1859 Google Books. The author was attached, as a volunteer, to the [[53rd Regiment of Foot]] for five months
*''From London to Lucknow: with memoranda of mutinies, marches, flights, fights, and conversations. To which is added, an opium-smuggler's explanation of the Peiho Massacre'' by  A Chaplain in H M Indian Service [catalogued James Aberigh- Mackay] (elsewhere stated to be  [J. Mackay afterwards Aberigh-Mackay])  1860. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=UDsBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3 Volume I],  [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=XpVFAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA259 Volume II] Google Books.
*''From Cadet to Colonel: the Record of a Life of Active Service'' by Sir Thomas Seaton 1866 Google Books, The Indian Mutiny commences  Volume 2 [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=RkEoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA52  Chapter III, page 52] ([http://books.google.com.au/books?id=bUEoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR5 Volume 1])
*''From Cadet to Colonel: the Record of a Life of Active Service'' by Sir Thomas Seaton 1866 Google Books, The Indian Mutiny commences  Volume 2 [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=RkEoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA52  Chapter III, page 52] ([http://books.google.com.au/books?id=bUEoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR5 Volume 1])
*[[93rd Regiment of Foot]]
*[[93rd Regiment of Foot]]
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*[http://www.archive.org/stream/lieutenantgener00hervgoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Lieutenant General Crommelin, C.B.: Royal (Bengal) Engineers; a Memoir and a Retrospect in the Year of the Mutiny in India''] by Charles Hervey 1887 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/lieutenantgener00hervgoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Lieutenant General Crommelin, C.B.: Royal (Bengal) Engineers; a Memoir and a Retrospect in the Year of the Mutiny in India''] by Charles Hervey 1887 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cihm_03108#page/n33/mode/2up, ''Life and travels of James Fisher: an autobiography''], page 32 by James Fisher 1890 Archive.org.  During the Indian Mutiny the author belonged to a British Army regiment, 2nd Battalion Military Train, whose duty was a mounted transport. (This regiment was later part of the Royal Army Service Corps  and nowadays the Royal Logistic Corps)
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cihm_03108#page/n33/mode/2up, ''Life and travels of James Fisher: an autobiography''], page 32 by James Fisher 1890 Archive.org.  During the Indian Mutiny the author belonged to a British Army regiment, 2nd Battalion Military Train, whose duty was a mounted transport. (This regiment was later part of the Royal Army Service Corps  and nowadays the Royal Logistic Corps)
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.507263 ''Barracks and battlefields in India; or, The experiences of a soldier of the 10th Foot (North Lincoln) in the Sikh wars and Sepoy Mutiny''], edited by the Rev Caesar Caine 1891 Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection. The soldier was Thomas Malcolm. This book is also available on a restricted access basis, probably accessible by those in North America on the  [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100382741 HathiTrust Digital Library]
*[https://archive.org/details/barracksbattlefieldsindia/page/n5/mode/2up ''Barracks and Battlefields in India; or, The experiences of a soldier of the 10th Foot (North Lincoln) in the Sikh Wars and Sepoy Mutiny''], edited by the Rev Caesar Caine 1891 Archive.org. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.507263 1971 reprint edition Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India. The soldier was Thomas Malcolm, born 1827.  
*[http://archive.org/stream/cu31924064295508#page/n9/mode/2up ''Mutiny Memoirs being Personal Reminiscences of the Great Sepoy Revolt of 1857''] by Colonel A. R. D. Mackenzie 2nd edition 1892 Archive.org (First edition 1891)
*[http://archive.org/stream/cu31924064295508#page/n9/mode/2up ''Mutiny Memoirs being Personal Reminiscences of the Great Sepoy Revolt of 1857''] by Colonel A. R. D. Mackenzie 2nd edition 1892 Archive.org (First edition 1891)
*[https://archive.org/details/cavalryexperien00ouvrgoog  ''Cavalry Experiences and Leaves from My Journal''] by Colonel H A Ouvry 1892 Archive.org. The author was with the [[9th Lancers]], and for a period with Irregular Cavalry. His Indian Mutiny experiences commence [https://archive.org/stream/cavalryexperien00ouvrgoog#page/n157/mode/2up page 127]. His wife's account follows.
*[https://archive.org/details/cavalryexperien00ouvrgoog  ''Cavalry Experiences and Leaves from My Journal''] by Colonel H A Ouvry 1892 Archive.org. The author was with the [[9th Lancers]], and for a period with Irregular Cavalry. His Indian Mutiny experiences commence [https://archive.org/stream/cavalryexperien00ouvrgoog#page/n157/mode/2up page 127]. His wife's account follows.
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*[https://archive.org/details/gunnerjingosjubi00stra ''Gunner Jingo's Jubilee''] by  Major-General T Bland Strange. Late Royal Artillery 1893 Archive.org. Born 1831 in [[Meerut]] he subsequently came to India when the Indian Mutiny broke out (page 129). [https://archive.org/details/gunnerjingosjubi00stra/page/n15 Contents] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bland_Strange Thomas Bland Strange] Wikipedia. [http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?id_nbr=7974 “Strange, Thomas Bland”] by Roderick C. Macleod in ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography'', vol. 15, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003.   
*[https://archive.org/details/gunnerjingosjubi00stra ''Gunner Jingo's Jubilee''] by  Major-General T Bland Strange. Late Royal Artillery 1893 Archive.org. Born 1831 in [[Meerut]] he subsequently came to India when the Indian Mutiny broke out (page 129). [https://archive.org/details/gunnerjingosjubi00stra/page/n15 Contents] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bland_Strange Thomas Bland Strange] Wikipedia. [http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?id_nbr=7974 “Strange, Thomas Bland”] by Roderick C. Macleod in ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography'', vol. 15, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003.   
*''Memories of the Mutiny'' by Francis Cornwallis Maude, late Colonel R A, and formerly commanding the Artillery of Havelock's Column. 1894 Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/memoriesmutiny01shergoog Volume I] 2nd Edition. [https://archive.org/details/MemoriesOfTheMutiny2 Volume II]
*''Memories of the Mutiny'' by Francis Cornwallis Maude, late Colonel R A, and formerly commanding the Artillery of Havelock's Column. 1894 Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/memoriesmutiny01shergoog Volume I] 2nd Edition. [https://archive.org/details/MemoriesOfTheMutiny2 Volume II]
*[https://archive.org/details/unrecordedchapte00wilbrich/page/n7/mode/2up ''An unrecorded chapter of the Indian Mutiny : being the personal reminiscences of Reginald G. Wilberforce, late 52nd Light Infantry compiled from a diary and letters written on the spot''] 1894. Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028000101#page/n151/mode/2up  "The Indian Mutiny"], page 121, ''Recollections of a Military Life'' by General Sir John Adye , RA  1895 Archive.org.  He came to India when the Indian Mutiny broke out, and was in India nearly nine years.
*[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028000101#page/n151/mode/2up  "The Indian Mutiny"], page 121, ''Recollections of a Military Life'' by General Sir John Adye , RA  1895 Archive.org.  He came to India when the Indian Mutiny broke out, and was in India nearly nine years.
*[https://archive.org/stream/memoriesofsevenc00thor#page/n7/mode/2up ''Memories of Seven Campaigns: a record of thirty-five years' service in the Indian Medical Department in India, China, Egypt, and the Sudan''] by James Howard Thornton, Deputy Surgeon General, Indian Medical Service, late Principal Medical Officer Punjab Frontier Force. 1895 Archive.org. (The author was in the Bengal Medical Service 1856-1891). Chapters II-IV cover the Indian Mutiny period. During this time Thornton was attached to  [[5th Regiment of Foot|
*[https://archive.org/stream/memoriesofsevenc00thor#page/n7/mode/2up ''Memories of Seven Campaigns: a record of thirty-five years' service in the Indian Medical Department in India, China, Egypt, and the Sudan''] by James Howard Thornton, Deputy Surgeon General, Indian Medical Service, late Principal Medical Officer Punjab Frontier Force. 1895 Archive.org. (The author was in the Bengal Medical Service 1856-1891). Chapters II-IV cover the Indian Mutiny period. During this time Thornton was attached to  [[5th Regiment of Foot|
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*[https://archive.org/details/dutydangerinindi00straiala ''Duty and Danger in India''] edited by Herbert Strang. Reprinted 1917, catalogued 1911. Archive.org. From the series ''The Romance of the World''. An anthology, part Indian Mutiny accounts, part Hunting accounts.
*[https://archive.org/details/dutydangerinindi00straiala ''Duty and Danger in India''] edited by Herbert Strang. Reprinted 1917, catalogued 1911. Archive.org. From the series ''The Romance of the World''. An anthology, part Indian Mutiny accounts, part Hunting accounts.
*[https://archive.org/details/chinajiminciden00harrgoog '''China Jim', Incidents and Adventures in the Life of an Indian Mutiny Veteran''] by Major General  J T Harris 1912  Archive.org. He joined the Bengal Army in 1849. He probably retired c late 1870s. He took part in the [[2nd Burma War]], the Indian Mutiny and the [[2nd China War]].
*[https://archive.org/details/chinajiminciden00harrgoog '''China Jim', Incidents and Adventures in the Life of an Indian Mutiny Veteran''] by Major General  J T Harris 1912  Archive.org. He joined the Bengal Army in 1849. He probably retired c late 1870s. He took part in the [[2nd Burma War]], the Indian Mutiny and the [[2nd China War]].
*[https://archive.org/details/b28994760/page/n9/mode/2up ''Service Memories''] by Surgeon-General Sir A D Home, edited by Charles H Melville 1912 Archive.org. Anthony Dickson Home joined the Army Medical Service as an Assistant Surgeon in 1848. He retired November 1886, aged 60. His service included the Crimean War, the Indian Mutiny when he was awarded the Victoria Cross,  and [[2nd China War]]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Home Anthony Home] Wikipedia.
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1954/mode/2up ''Tales of our Grandfather or India Since 1856''] edited by F and C Grey 1912 Archive.org. L J H Grey had a long career in India, 1856-1903, initially in the Bengal Army, mainly in the Civil Service.
*[https://archive.org/details/generalsiralexta01tayl/page/142/mode/2up "The Mutiny"] page 143, Volume I. Continues into [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.88056/page/ii/mode/2up Volume II] ''General Sir Alex Taylor G.C.B., R.E.: his Times, his Friends, and his Work'' by A. Cameron Taylor, his daughter, 1913. Archive.org.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.71912/page/n5/mode/2up ''The Chronicle Of Private Henry Metcalfe H M 32nd Regiment of Foot, together with Lieutenant John Edmondstone’s Letter to his Mother of 4 January 1858''] collected and edited by Lieut.-General Sir Francis Tuker 1953 Archive.org. Metcalfe embarked for India 14 June 1849, and served there until the regiment returned to England in 1859. He took part in the Siege of Lucknow.
*[https://archive.org/details/englishwomaninin0000tytl/page/n5 ''An Englishwoman in India : the memoirs of Harriet Tytler, 1828-1858''] by Harriet Tytler. Edited by Anthony Sattin. 1986. Archive.org Lending Library. Harriet Tytler, the wife of Captain Robert Tytler, was the only woman present at the siege of Delhi in 1857.
*[https://archive.org/details/englishwomaninin0000tytl/page/n5 ''An Englishwoman in India : the memoirs of Harriet Tytler, 1828-1858''] by Harriet Tytler. Edited by Anthony Sattin. 1986. Archive.org Lending Library. Harriet Tytler, the wife of Captain Robert Tytler, was the only woman present at the siege of Delhi in 1857.
*For online books about Brig-Gen John Nicholson and his role in the Indian Mutiny, see the the page [[John Nicholson]]
*For online books about Brig-Gen John Nicholson and his role in the Indian Mutiny, see the the page [[John Nicholson]]
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** Also see Fiction below for a novel, ''The Devil's Wind'' by Maj. Gen.G.L. Verney, concerning the Shannon's Brigade.
** Also see Fiction below for a novel, ''The Devil's Wind'' by Maj. Gen.G.L. Verney, concerning the Shannon's Brigade.
*[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hsVGAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA54 Pearl's Naval Brigade in India] page 54 ''The Cruise of the Pearl round the World'' by Rev E A Wiliams 1859 Google Books. See [[Pearl's Naval Brigade]] for the force which took part in some actions with  Shannon's Brigade.
*[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hsVGAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA54 Pearl's Naval Brigade in India] page 54 ''The Cruise of the Pearl round the World'' by Rev E A Wiliams 1859 Google Books. See [[Pearl's Naval Brigade]] for the force which took part in some actions with  Shannon's Brigade.
*[https://archive.org/details/middysrecollecti00montrich/page/n7 ''A Middy's Recollections, 1853-1860''] by Rear-Admiral the Honourable Victor Alexander Montague 1898 Archive.org. Includes the Indian Mutiny.
*[https://archive.org/details/navalbrigadesini0000unse/page/n5 ''The Naval Brigades in the Indian Mutiny, 1857-58''] edited by Commander W B Rowbotham RN 1947. Printed for the Navy Records Society, Vol LXXXVII. Archive.org Lending Library. Includes personal accounts.
*[https://archive.org/details/navalbrigadesini0000unse/page/n5 ''The Naval Brigades in the Indian Mutiny, 1857-58''] edited by Commander W B Rowbotham RN 1947. Printed for the Navy Records Society, Vol LXXXVII. Archive.org Lending Library. Includes personal accounts.


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*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=R24BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 ''How I won the Victoria Cross''] by Thomas Henry Kavanagh, Assistant Commissioner in Oudh, 1860 Google Books
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=R24BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 ''How I won the Victoria Cross''] by Thomas Henry Kavanagh, Assistant Commissioner in Oudh, 1860 Google Books
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6wbmMHtf-FwC&pg=PA310 "The Mutiny"] page 310 ''Memorials of Service in India‬: ‪from the correspondence of the late Major Samuel Charters Macpherson,‬ Political Agent at Gwalior during the Mutiny'' 1865 Google Books
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6wbmMHtf-FwC&pg=PA310 "The Mutiny"] page 310 ''Memorials of Service in India‬: ‪from the correspondence of the late Major Samuel Charters Macpherson,‬ Political Agent at Gwalior during the Mutiny'' 1865 Google Books
*[https://archive.org/details/b28709561/page/n9/mode/2up ''An episode of the rebellion and mutiny in Oudh of 1857 and 1858 ...''] by George Yeoward late Head Clerk of Gondah in the Province of Oudh. 1876 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/ourrealdangerini00forj ''Our real danger in India''] by C Forjett, late Commissioner of Police of Bombay c 1877. Archive.org.  Includes the author’s views on the causes of the Mutiny  and his part in the preventative and precautionary measures taken in Bombay during the Mutiny.
*[https://archive.org/details/ourrealdangerini00forj ''Our real danger in India''] by C Forjett, late Commissioner of Police of Bombay c 1877. Archive.org.  Includes the author’s views on the causes of the Mutiny  and his part in the preventative and precautionary measures taken in Bombay during the Mutiny.
*[https://archive.org/details/personaladventur00thor ''The Personal Adventures and Experiences of a Magistrate During the Rise, Progress, and Suppression of the Indian Mutiny''] by Mark Thornhill  1884 Archive.org.  Also available as a current reprint by Cambridge University Press [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=7ihP7E49bDYC&pg=PP1    Preview Google Books].  
*[https://archive.org/details/personaladventur00thor ''The Personal Adventures and Experiences of a Magistrate During the Rise, Progress, and Suppression of the Indian Mutiny''] by Mark Thornhill  1884 Archive.org.  Also available as a current reprint by Cambridge University Press [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=7ihP7E49bDYC&pg=PP1    Preview Google Books].  
*[https://archive.org/stream/reminiscencesan01cavegoog#page/n213/mode/2up Chapter VI], page 198 ''Reminiscences of an Indian Official'' by General Sir Orfeur Cavenagh 1884 Archive.org. The measures taken in Calcutta during the Mutiny.
*[https://archive.org/stream/reminiscencesan01cavegoog#page/n213/mode/2up Chapter VI], page 198 ''Reminiscences of an Indian Official'' by General Sir Orfeur Cavenagh 1884 Archive.org. The measures taken in Calcutta during the Mutiny.
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1128/page/15/mode/2up "Incidents of the Indian Mutiny"] page 16 ''Autobiography and Reminiscences of Sir Douglas Forsyth'' edited by his daughter 1887. Archive.org, mirror from PAHAR. In 1857 he was the Deputy Commissioner at Umballa.
*[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924006145662#page/n13/mode/2up ''Daily Life during the Indian Mutiny : Personal Experiences of 1857''] by J W Sherer [former Magistrate of Futtehpore, and afterwards Cawnpore] 1910 (later reprint edition). Archive.org.  Text previously appeared in Colonel F C Maude’s ''Memories of the Mutiny'' 1894, refer above.
*[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924006145662#page/n13/mode/2up ''Daily Life during the Indian Mutiny : Personal Experiences of 1857''] by J W Sherer [former Magistrate of Futtehpore, and afterwards Cawnpore] 1910 (later reprint edition). Archive.org.  Text previously appeared in Colonel F C Maude’s ''Memories of the Mutiny'' 1894, refer above.
*See the page [[Herbert Benjamin Edwardes‎]] for online books about his role as Commissioner of Peshawar during the Indian Mutiny.
*See the page [[Herbert Benjamin Edwardes‎]] for online books about his role as Commissioner of Peshawar during the Indian Mutiny.
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*[https://archive.org/details/shadowofmoon00kaye ''Shadow of the Moon''] by M.M. Kaye 1980,  [https://archive.org/details/shadowofmoon00mmka 2nd file]  both Archive.org Lending Library. Originally published in 1957 with much of the historical content cut by the publisher, republished in its original form  restored to its full length in 1980,  following the great success of the author's 1978 book ''The Far Pavilions''.
*[https://archive.org/details/shadowofmoon00kaye ''Shadow of the Moon''] by M.M. Kaye 1980,  [https://archive.org/details/shadowofmoon00mmka 2nd file]  both Archive.org Lending Library. Originally published in 1957 with much of the historical content cut by the publisher, republished in its original form  restored to its full length in 1980,  following the great success of the author's 1978 book ''The Far Pavilions''.
*[https://archive.org/details/flashmaningreatg00fras/page/n3 ''Flashman in the Great Game : from the Flashman papers, 1856-1858'']  by George MacDonald  Fraser 1989. Archive.org Lending Library. Flashman in the Indian Mutiny. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flashman_Papers The Flashman Papers] Wikipedia.
*[https://archive.org/details/flashmaningreatg00fras/page/n3 ''Flashman in the Great Game : from the Flashman papers, 1856-1858'']  by George MacDonald  Fraser 1989. Archive.org Lending Library. Flashman in the Indian Mutiny. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flashman_Papers The Flashman Papers] Wikipedia.
'''For younger readers'''
*[https://archive.org/details/mutinynovel0000rath_d0k4/mode/2up ''The Mutiny : a Novel''] by Julian Rathbone 2008, first published 2007. [https://archive.org/details/mutinynovel0000rath/mode/2up File 2]. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=_NoBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Childhood in India; or, English Children in the East by the wife of an officer, late of H.M. service''] 1865 (Google Books) .  A Tale for Children "Founded on Fact" based on the experiences of a family in India during the Mutiny of 1857.
*[https://archive.org/details/begumbaghtaleofi00fenniala ''Begumbagh A Tale of the Indian Mutiny''] by George Manville Fenn 1879 Archive.org. George Manville Fenn 1831-1909,  was a prolific writer of boys' adventure stories.
:[https://archive.org/details/GM_Fenn_Gil_the_Gunner  ''Gil the Gunner; or The Youngest Officer in the East''] by George Manville Fenn 1892 Archive.org. A boys’ adventure story about a young officer in the [[Bengal Horse Artillery]].
*[https://archive.org/details/disputedvctaleof00gibbiala ''The Disputed V.C. : a Tale of the Indian Mutiny''] by Frederick P Gibbon, c 1894 Archive.org.  A boys’ adventure story.
*[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uva.x030736418?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 ''Barclay of the Guides''] by Herbert Strang probably 1908. HathiTrust Digital Library. [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32102 1928 reprint of 1908 original] Gutenberg.org. [https://archive.org/details/barclayoftheguid32102gut Archive.org version].  An adventure story for younger readers.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/chalonerofbengal00lanciala#page/n7/mode/2up ''Chaloner of the Bengal Cavalry: a Tale of the Indian Mutiny''] by Percival Lancaster R E. 1915  Archive.org An adventure story for younger readers.
 
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== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 07:39, 24 August 2024

Indian Mutiny
10 May 1857-19 April 1859
Chronological list of Wars and Campaigns
[[Image:|250px| ]]
Location: Gangetic Plain and Central India
Combatants:
British Army
East India Company Armies
Bengal Presidency regiments
Result: Rebellion crushed
Medals: Indian Mutiny Medal
Clasps: Delhi, Defence of Lucknow, Relief of Lucknow, Lucknow, Central India
Links:
Category:
Delhi Campaign
Events at Cawnpore
Havelock's Campaign
Showers' Movable Column
Greathed's Movable Column
Seaton's Movable Column
Trans-Gogra Campaign
Oude Campaign
Central India Campaign
Rohilcund Campaign


Preamble

The Indian Mutiny is also known as India's First War of Independence, the Great Rebellion, the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Revolt of 1857, the Uprising of 1857 and the Sepoy Mutiny.

The rebellion was almost exclusively confined to the regiments in the Bengal Presidency. In 1857 the Bengal Army strength was as follows:

Cavalry Infantry Artillery Sappers Total
British troops 1,366 17,003 3,063 Nil 21,432
Indian troops 19,288 112,052 4,734 1,497 137,571
Totals 20,654 129,055 7,797 1,497 159,003

Outbreaks

Details of the outbreak of mutiny in various locations can be found in the following articles:

Campaigns

For details of the campaigns during the mutiny see the following main articles

Volunteer force

Camel Corps

The Camel Corps was formed at Lucknow on 5 April 1858 from drafts of 100 men each from the 2nd and 3rd Battalion, The Rifle Brigade, to which were eventually added 200 Sikhs. The Camel Corps was used in 1858 and 1859 to support columns of soldiers despatched during the latter stages of the Indian Mutiny to hunt down groups of rebels that had fled into the countryside of Rohilkund and Oudh, and was disbanded on 1 June 1860.

FIBIS resources

Casualties

  • Available at the British Library UIN: BLL01009529613 is the publication, Casualty Roll for the Indian Mutiny, 1857-59, compiled by I. T. Taverner, published by J. B. Hayward & Son (1983), Suffolk, England (ISBN: 0 903754 98 3) pp.205. It contains name, rank and regimental number of every casualty (fatal or otherwise) of HM's (incl. Naval Brigade) & HEIC forces (by Presidency, incl. Indian Medical Service and Ecclesiastical Establishment); location and date where/when/how injured. A useful chronology of the Mutiny events and bibliography is appended.[1]
  • Military records on findypast.com include record set entitled British Casualties, Indian Mutiny 1857-1859

Bibliography

  • What Really Happened During the Mutiny : a Day-by-day Account of the Major Events of 1857-59 in India by P.J.O. Taylor. Published Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1997. Available at the British Library UIN: BLL01008881260 . Contains a bibliography which effectively replaced previous ones.[2] The author had previously been an officer in the Indian Army who wrote a number of books on the Indian Mutiny.

Recommended Reading

See Fibiwiki Military Reading List - Mutiny

External links

General

  • Catalogue of Resources in UK Libraries in conjunction with Mutiny at the Margins
  • 1857: A Brief Political and Military Analysis by Maj (Retd) Agha Humayun Amin defencejournal.com (Pakistan), now archived webpages. Issues from July 1999 to June 2000
Chapter One "The English East India Company's Conquest Of India 1757-1849" Chapter Two "The Causes Of The Rebellion" Chapter Three "Political and Military Situation from 1839 to 1857" and Chapter Four "The Bengal Army and The Military Situation -1857" Chapter Five "Development of Situation-January to July 1857". Further chapters may be seen under particular campaigns.

Maps

Historical newspapers and books online

Histories and general

Details of the Reports presented, with brief details of the contents. Archive.org
Many of the following are also available as British Library Digital Books, accessible through the British Library Catalogue Search, where the pages may be rotated if required.
Mutinies in the East Indies Variant Title: Papers relative to the Mutinies in the East Indies 1857 Google Books. [Parliamentary paper 2252 (British Library catalogue)]
Appendix to Papers relative to the Mutinies in the East Indies (Inclosures in Nos. 1, 3, 5 and 6) 1857 Google Books
Appendix to Papers relative to the Mutinies in the East Indies (Inclosures in Nos. 7 to 19) 1857 Archive.org
Further Papers relative to the Mutinies in the East Indies 1857 [Parliamentary papers 2266 (British Library catalogue)] British Library Digital Collection
Further Papers relative to the Mutinies in the East Indies 1857 [Parliamentary papers 2277 (British Library catalogue)] Google Books
Further Papers (No. 4) relative to the Mutinies in the East Indies 1857 Google Books
Further Papers (No. 5) relative to the Mutinies in the East Indies 1857 Google Books
Appendix (A) to the Further Papers (No. 5) relative to the Mutinies In The East Indies (Inclosures in No.1) 1857 Archive.org
Appendix (B) to Further Papers (No. 5) relative to the Mutinies In The East Indies (Inclosures in Nos 2, 3 and 4) 1858 Google Books
Further Papers (No. 6) relative to the Mutinies In The East Indies Archive.org. Not dated , but probably 1858
Supplement to Papers (No. 6) relative to the Mutinies in the East Indies 1858 Google Books
Further Papers (No. 7) relative to the Mutinies In The East Indies 1857 Archive.org. HathiTrust Version
Further Papers (No. 8) relative to the Insurrection In The East Indies 1858 Archive.org
Further Papers (No. 8A) relative to the Insurrection In The East Indies 1858 Archive.org
Further Papers (No. 9) relative to the Insurrection In The East Indies 1858 2nd file, both Archive.org.
Extracts from some of the above. "No. CXVII—Mutinies in India (Bengal): Further Papers (No. 6, in continuation of No. 4,) relative to the Mutinies in the East Indies" etc, including "Central Provinces", pages 326-446 (digital pages 138-258) 'Series F British India, Colonies etc' Annals of British Legislation, Volume 5 edited by Leone Levi 1859 Google Books
  • The History of the Indian Mutiny, Volume 1 and Volume 2 by Charles Ball, 1858. Archive.org, Digital Library of India Collection. Index pages commence digital page 756, Volume 1 and digital page 4, Volume 2
Google Books has Volume 1, and almost all of Volume 2, classified as Volumes 1-7, as follows:
Volume 1: Images, Cover page,which advises "Illustrated with Battle Scenes, Views of Places, Portraits and Maps, Beautifully Engraved On Steel" Page 1 of text, continues to page 184
Volume 2: Images, page 185, continues to page 376
Volume 3: Images, page 377, continues to page 568
Volume 4: Images, page 569, continues to page 648, end of (original) Volume 1. Page 1 of (original) Volume 2, continues to page 112
Volume 5: Images, page 113, continues to page 304
Volume 6: Images, page 305, continues to page 496
Volume 7: Images, page 497, continues to page 663, missing page 664, Index, Volume 1, page 671, Index, Volume 2, page 679
Lacks maps, but pages may be easier to read Archive.org.
Second edition 1897 With a second Preface. Archive.org.
Mutiny Records Correspondence In Two Parts [Vol. 7] Part 1; [Vol. 7] Pt.2, Pt.2 2nd file
Mutiny Records Reports [Vol.8] Pt.1, Mutiny Records Reports [Vol.8] Pt.2. Archive.org. Public Library of India Collection.
Press Lists of Mutiny Papers of 1857-58 in the Punjab Secretariat published c 1925 (although catalogued 1857). The author appears to be HLO Garrett, Keeper of the Punjab Records at Lahore. Archive.org, Granth Sanjeevani Collection.

Personal accounts: Army

He arrived in India 1856. Appointed to Lucknow. Wounded and died during the Siege of Lucknow July 1857.
A Lady's Diary Before and During the Indian Mutiny by M H Ouvry 1892 Archive.org. The author 's husband wrote the book above.
The Revolt in Hindustan, 1857-59 by Sir Evelyn Wood 1908 Archive.org. Based on a series of articles in The Times in October 1907.

Personal accounts: Navy

Personal accounts: Civilians and others

Fiction

  • How to Manage It: a Novel by Iltudus Thomas Prichard 1864. Vol.I, Vol. II, Vol.III Archive.org.
Iltudus Thomas Prichard victorianresearch.org.
He was also the author of the factual account The Mutinies in Rajpootana, see Central India Campaign.
The Great White Hand or, The Tiger of Cawnpore: a Story of the Indian Mutiny by J E Muddock 1896 Archive.org

References

  1. By email to User:Maureene dated 14 November 2010
  2. "Three Letters From The Indian Mutiny" by Brian Robson, see above.
  3. Snook, Mike. How did new troops get to Roorkee in 1858? Victorian Wars Forum 3 August 2017, now archived.
  4. Page 230 footnote "Notes on the History and Services of the Thirty-Second Regiment" Colburn's United Service Magazine and Naval and Military Journal 1880 Part 3
  5. peterharrington.co.uk. Accessed 21 September 2016.